[Knowledge and practice of graduating students of pharmacy at the Cheikh Anta Diop University relating to antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in 2019 (Senegal)]. / Connaissances et pratiques des étudiants en fin d'études de pharmacie à l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques et la résistance bactérienne en 2019 (Sénégal).

Introduction: pharmacy students are future providers of pharmaceutical care and should play a critical role in combating bacterial resistance (BR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of students at the end of pharmacy course relating to BR and antibiotic use. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study. The study population consisted of students enrolled in Master 2 and PhD in Pharmacy at the Cheikh Anta Diop University over the year 2019. Data were collected between July and October 2019 using an electronic questionnaire whose link was shared through the social network WhatsApp. Knowledge was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale while closed-ended questions were used to determine practice. Descriptive analyses were performed. Factors associated with practice were identified using logistic regression. Analyses were performed using the EPI InfoTM software 7.2.2.16. The significance threshold was set to 0.05. Results: out of 559 eligible students, 278 responded to the questionnaire, reflecting a participation rate of 60.6%. Of these, 72.3% reported having used antibiotics in the 12 months preceding the survey. Regarding knowledge, 85.6% of students surveyed had an adequate level. In addition, 38.2% of students had inadequate practice. These were associated with having a relative or friend as a health worker (OR = 1.69; p-value = 0.04), being a PhD student (OR = 0.55; p-value = 0.02) and having an insufficient level of knowledge (OR = 2.21; p-value = 0.02). Conclusion: this study shows that antibiotic consumption is high among pharmacy students and that their practice is inadequate despite their satisfactory level of knowledge about antibiotics and BR. It is urgent to strengthen the awareness of students and their entourage about good practices concerning antibiotic use.

Evaluation of Prescribing Indicators in a Paediatric Population Seen in an Outpatient Consultation at the Gaspard Kamara Health Centre in 2019 (Senegal).

Introduction: Data on drug use in paediatrics are scarce in Senegal. The objective of this study was to assess the prescribing indicators in a paediatric population seen in an outpatient consultation at a Health Centre in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted. The study population consisted of prescriptions for children aged 0 to 14 years who were seen in ambulatory consultation between 1 June and 30 November 2019. The sample size was 600 prescriptions. The systematic survey was then conducted. Five prescription indicators recommended by the World Health Organization were calculated. The R software was used for descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis and binomial logistic regression. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.56. The proportion of drugs prescribed under the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) was 18.9%, while the proportion of drugs on the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) was 41.3%. The proportions of prescriptions with at least one antibiotic and one injectable product were 41.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that prescribing habits were inadequate. Thus, it would be necessary to move towards continuing training of prescribers in the wise use of medicines.

Assessment of General Public's Knowledge and Opinions towards Antibiotic Use and Bacterial Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Urban Setting, Rufisque, Senegal.

Background: Bacterial resistance is a major public health problem worldwide. One solution to this scourge is to sensitize the general public on rational use of antibiotics. Our goal was to assess people's knowledge and opinions about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in an urban setting. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study. A convenience sampling was done. A questionnaire was administered to 400 persons during face-to-face interviews. Results: Most respondents thought that antibiotics are effective against colds/flu (69.8%), cough (72.3%) and sore throat (64.4%). At the same time, 42.8% stated that antibiotic therapy can be stopped as soon as the symptoms disappear. Only 8.8% and 41.8% of people knew that handwashing and vaccination prevented bacterial resistance. Globally, 7% of people had a good knowledge. Socio-demographic variables were not associated with the level of knowledge. The main sources of information were entourage and pharmacy staff. Regarding the opinions, 78.3% of surveyed participants the people thought that that people overuse antibiotics. Additionally, 28% said that they have no role to play against bacterial resistance. Conclusion: People living in an urban setting had a low knowledge about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance. There is a need to implement awareness campaigns. Further studies on population practices toward antibiotic use are necessary.

Dibutyl-ammonium bis-(hydrogen methylphosphonato-κO)triphenylstannate(IV).

The asymmetric unit of the title organotin salt, (C(8)H(20)N)[Sn(C(6)H(5))(3)(CH(4)O(3)P)(2)], contains two dibutyl-ammonium cations and two stannate(IV) anions consisting each of two monodentately bonding methyl hydrogenphosphate groups attached to an Sn(C(6)H(5)) unit. The overall coordination environment of the two Sn(IV) atoms is trigonal-bipyramidal defined by three phenyl C atoms in equatorial positions and two methyl hydrogenphosphate O atoms at the apical sites. In the crystal, the stannate(IV) anions are linked to each other via pairs of short O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to an infinite chain extending parallel to the b-axis direction. Neighbouring chains are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the butyl-ammonium cations, giving a two-dimensional structure parallel to the ab plane. The crystal under investigation was found to be twinned by reticular merohedry with twin fractions of 0.5342 (7):0.4658 (7).

Apolar Annonaceous acetogenins from the fruit pulp of Annona muricata.

A methylene chloride extract of the pulp of Annona muricata L. was fractionated in search for scarcely functionalized Annonaceous acetogenins (type E). Previously known C-35 and C-37 mono-epoxy unsaturated compounds, epomuricenins-A and -B (1+2) and epomusenins-A and -B (3+4), were obtained. Two new mono-epoxy saturated C-35 representatives, epomurinins-A and -B (5+6) were also isolated.

A new adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenin from the seeds of Uvaria chamae.

A novel acetogenin, joolanin ( 1), along with eight known acetogenins, squamocin ( 2), desacetyluvaricin ( 3), chamuvarinin ( 4), tripoxyrollin ( 5), diepoxyrollin ( 6), dieporeticanin-1 ( 7), dieporeticanin-2 ( 8) and dieporeticenin ( 9) were isolated from the seeds of Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae). Compound 1, the first adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuranic ring acetogenin bearing a ketone group at C-5, shows significant cytotoxicity towards the KB 3 - 1 cell line (IC (50) = 0.4 nM).

Quantification of acetogenins in Annona muricata linked to atypical parkinsonism in guadeloupe.

Atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe has been associated with the consumption of fruit and infusions or decoctions prepared from leaves of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae), which contains annonaceous acetogenins, lipophilic inhibitors of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. We have determined the concentrations of annonacin, the major acetogenin in A. muricata, in extracts of fruit and leaves by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. An average fruit is estimated to contain about 15 mg of annonacin, a can of commercial nectar 36 mg, and a cup of infusion or decoction 140 microg. As an indication of its potential toxicity, an adult who consumes one fruit or can of nectar a day is estimated to ingest over 1 year the amount of annonacin that induced brain lesions in rats receiving purified annonacin by intravenous infusion.

Chamuvarinin, an acetogenin bearing a tetrahydropyran ring from the roots of Uvaria chamae.

A new cytotoxic acetogenin, chamuvarinin (1), containing a tetrahydropyran ring with an adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuran ring, which corresponds to a novel carbon skeleton in this series, was isolated from the roots of Uvaria chamae, together with the previously reported acetogenins squamocin (2), desacetyluvaricin (3), and neoannonin (4). The structure determination of chamuvarinin (1) was based on extensive NMR studies and high-resolution mass spectral measurements. This new compound shows significant cytotoxicity toward the KB 3-1 cell line (IC50 = 8 x 10(-10) M). In addition, a biosynthetic relationship between 1 and 2 is briefly discussed.

Cis-bullatencin, a linear acetogenin from roots of Uvaria chamae.

A novel acetogenin, cis-bullatencin, was isolated by successive chromatography of a cyclohexane extract of Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. roots. The structure was elucidated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS). Eight known mono-THF acetogenins--bullatencin, annotemoyin-1, solamin, uvariamicin-I, -II, -III, cis-reticulatacin and cis-uvariamicin-I--were also obtained.

(2-Arylhydrazonomethyl)-substituted xanthones as antimycotics: synthesis and fungistatic activity against Candida species.

A series of arylhydrazones derived from various 6,8-diacetoxy- or 6,8-dihydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene carboxaldehydes were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal properties against two human pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans and C. krusei) according to a diffusion method. The activity was strongly dependent from the position of the (1-arylhydrazinyl-2-ylidene)methyl chain in the xanthone molecular skeleton. Compounds having the nitrogen side chain in the 4-position, with a further halogen substitution on the terminal phenyl ring showed fungistatic effects. Within this series, the 4-fluorophenylhydrazinyl derivative 13g exhibited the highest activity, particularly against C. krusei, with a greater efficacy than that of econazole, used as reference.