Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review of randomized and observational studies.

Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are increasingly used as a systemic treatment for psoriasis, but there are still uncertainties regarding their suitability. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for the efficacy and safety of FAEs in psoriasis treatment. A systematic literature search was performed in seven databases up to 17 August 2015. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported clinical effects of FAEs in patients with psoriasis without restrictions in study design, language or publication date. Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and overall level of quality were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, respectively. A total of 68 articles were included. There were seven RCTs (total 449 patients) that had an unclear risk of bias and were too clinically heterogeneous to allow a meta-analysis. Overall, mean Psoriasis Area and Severity Index decreased by 42-65% following 12-16 weeks of treatment. There were 37 observational studies (a total of 3457 patients) that supported the RCT findings, but most were uncontrolled with a high risk of bias. Commonly reported adverse events included gastrointestinal complaints and flushing, leading to treatment withdrawal in 6-40% of patients. Several case-reports described rare adverse events, such as renal Fanconi syndrome and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. There was a lack of studies focusing on long-term use and comparisons with other treatments. This review concluded that there is low-quality evidence to recommend the use of oral FAEs to treat plaque psoriasis in adult patients. Studies focusing on long-term safety and comparison with systemic psoriasis treatments could lead to a better understanding of the role of FAEs as a treatment for psoriasis.

Induction therapy with a combination of fumarates and cyclosporine: A benefit for the patient?

Fumarates or fumaric acid esters derivates (FAED) have appeared to be effective and less toxic than other systemic treatments for psoriasis. Due to its safe adverse event profile, FAED can be used as a long-term maintenance therapy. One of the greatest reasons why FAED are not preferred as a first-line treatment is that according to the recommended dosing schedule, clinically meaningful improvement is seen just after 6 to 8 weeks of therapy. In this manuscript, we suppose an alternative induction scheme with a combination therapy of fumarates and cyclosporine for a more rapid improvement and better compliance.

Addition of an oral histamine antagonist to reduce adverse events associated with fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are considered an effective and safe long-term treatment for psoriasis. However, 30-40% of patients need to discontinue FAE treatment due to intolerable adverse events. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether the addition of cetirizine, an oral histamine-1 receptor antagonist, to FAEs would reduce the incidence of adverse events. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with psoriasis with a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index ≥ 10 starting an FAE up to a dose of dimethylfumarate 720 mg per day were randomized 1 : 1 to receive either additional cetirizine 10 mg once daily (n = 25) or placebo (n = 25) for 12 weeks. Randomization and treatment allocation were done at our hospital trial pharmacy. Primary outcomes were the incidence of adverse events and the proportion of patients discontinuing treatment. RESULTS: Fifty patients (33 male, 17 female; median age 44 years) were enrolled. Addition of cetirizine did not reduce the incidence of adverse events compared with placebo (84% vs. 84%, P = 1·00). The types of adverse events were not different between the cetirizine and placebo groups, the most common being gastrointestinal complaints (68% vs. 64%) and flushes (60% vs. 48%). The proportion of patients discontinuing treatment was not statistically different between the cetirizine and placebo groups (24% vs. 32%, P = 0·53). CONCLUSIONS: Addition of oral cetirizine 10 mg once daily to FAE treatment did not reduce adverse events in patients with psoriasis during the first 12 weeks of treatment. The mechanisms underlying FAE-induced gastrointestinal and flushing symptoms likely involve mediators other than histamine.

Treatment of psoriasis with non-registered fumaric acid esters in The Netherlands: a nationwide survey among Dutch dermatologists.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis vulgaris is a T-cell mediated disease that affects 2-3% of the worldwide white-skinned population. Fumaric acid esters are mentioned as an effective therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis vulgaris in adult patients in the new guidelines for psoriasis treatment. OBJECTIVES: To obtain an insight into the use of fumaric acid esters by Dutch dermatologists in the Netherlands. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional postal survey. An anonymous survey was posted to all Dutch dermatologists. In this survey, data were collected on the extent of fumaric acid esters use, the reasons for use, the reasons for non- or limited use of fumaric acid esters, the perception of fumaric acid esters as a mono-therapy with regards to the effectiveness, the safety, the adverse events and the overall satisfaction of fumaric acid esters as a mono-therapy. RESULTS: Sixty-three per cent of the 300 responders indicated to prescribe fumaric acid esters for the treatment of psoriasis. About 37% of the dermatologists indicated (almost) never to prescribe it. Biologicals were considered as the most effective therapy. Fumaric acid esters were regarded as the safest therapy. They were generally well-tolerated by the patients similar to that for methotrexate according to the respondents. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of the dermatologists in our survey indicated to prescribe fumaric acid esters. It is considered to be effective, safe and without adverse events profile that is favourable in the practice, also as compared with other systemic therapies such as methotrexate and biologicals.

Fumarates vs. methotrexate in moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a multicentre prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate and fumarates are effective systemic therapies for moderate to severe psoriasis according to the European S3 guidelines. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and the adverse events of methotrexate and fumarates. METHODS: Sixty patients with moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris were randomly assigned to treatment for 16 weeks with either methotrexate (30 patients; 15 mg per week) or fumarates (30 patients; 30 mg, followed by 120 mg according to a standard progressive dosage regimen) and were followed up for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint with respect to the efficacy was the difference in mean change from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) after 12 weeks of treatment. The study was powered to detect a difference of five points. Analyses were by intention to treat. RESULTS: Six patients were excluded because five were not eligible and one withdrew consent. Two patients in the methotrexate group and one in the fumarate group dropped out during the 12 weeks of treatment because of nonappearance at the outpatient clinic. In total, 25 patients in the methotrexate group and 26 in the fumarate group were evaluated in the primary analysis. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean ± SD PASI decreased from 14·5 ± 3·0 at baseline to 6·7 ± 4·5 in the 25 patients treated with methotrexate, whereas it decreased from 18·1 ± 7·0 to 10·5 ± 6·7 in the 26 patients treated with fumarates. After adjustment for baseline values, the absolute difference (fumarates minus methotrexate) in the mean values at 12 weeks was 1·4 (95% confidence interval -2·0 to 4·7; P = 0·417). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized trial methotrexate and fumarates were found to be equally effective in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. No serious or irreversible adverse events were observed in any of the patients.