Association of aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort of US adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and muscle strengthening activity (MSA), independently and jointly, with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-CVD mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cohort study included 47,538 adults with T2D and 561,963 adults without T2D from the National Health Interview Survey 1997-2018 who provided data on self-reported physical activity (PA). Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index through 2019. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: In analyses mutually adjusted, versus no MPA adults with T2D, performing the recommendations of MPA (150-299 min/week) associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.66-0.78), CVD mortality (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.79), and non-CVD mortality (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.79). Similar benefits were observed in those meeting recommendations for VPA and MSA. Higher levels of PA beyond current recommendations may provide a few additional benefits without adverse effects on mortality risk, regardless of diabetes onset age, duration of diabetes, and medication status. The joint analysis indicates that combining MSA with aerobic PA could further lower mortality risk, and lowest all-cause mortality was observed among individuals engaging in either 75-150 min/week of VPA and 1 time/week of MSA (HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.70) or 150-299 min/week of MPA and 1 time/week of MSA (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.20-0.55). CONCLUSION: Our study supports the current PA guidelines and suggests that there may be limited benefits gained from exercising beyond recommended levels in adults with T2D, combining recommended levels of aerobic and resistance exercises could yield the greatest benefits.

Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence for migraine, from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019.

BACKGROUND: The majority of epidemiological studies on migraine have been conducted in a specific country or region, and there is a lack of globally comparable data. We aim to report the latest information on global migraine incidence overview trends from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: In this study, the available data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. We present temporal trends in migraine for the world and its 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Meanwhile, an age-period-cohort model be used to estimate net drifts (overall annual percentage change), local drifts (annual percentage change in each age group), longitudinal age curves (expected longitudinal age-specific rate), and period (cohort) relative risks. RESULTS: In 2019, the global incidence of migraine increased to 87.6 million (95% UI: 76.6, 98.7), with an increase of 40.1% compared to 1990. India, China, United States of America, and Indonesia had the highest number of incidences, accounting for 43.6% of incidences globally. Females experienced a higher incidence than males, the highest incidence rate was observed in the 10-14 age group. However, there was a gradual transition in the age distribution of incidence from teenagers to middle-aged populations. The net drift of incidence rate ranged from 3.45% (95% CI: 2.38, 4.54) in high-middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions to -4.02% (95% CI: -4.79, -3.18) in low SDI regions, 9 of 204 countries showed increasing trends (net drifts and its 95% CI were > 0) in incidence rate. The age-period-cohort analysis results showed that the relative risk of incidence rate generally showed unfavorable trends over time and in successively birth cohorts among high-, high-middle-, and middle SDI regions, but low-middle- and low-SDI regions keep stable. CONCLUSIONS: Migraine is still an important contributor to the global burden of neurological disorders worldwide. Temporal trends in migraine incidence are not commensurate with socioeconomic development and vary widely across countries. Both sexes and all age groups should get healthcare to address the growing migraine population, especially adolescents and females.

Knowledge of Child Health and Affecting Factors Among Preschool Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chongqing, China.

AIM: This research aims to explore the health knowledge mastery of preschool teachers in Chongqing. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of preschool teachers in Chongqing was conducted by random sampling. A total of 399 preschool teachers were included in this research. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to explore the influencing factors on preschool teachers' mastery of preschool child health knowledge. RESULTS: This research found that the average score of preschool teacher's knowledge of preschool children was only 34.01±0.78, and the accuracy of the knowledge points of continuous short-distance eye use time was the lowest, at less than 5%. The conducting of eye exercises by the kindergarten and the scores of preschool teachers were negatively correlated (ß=-0.257, p<0.001); the score of health knowledge of preschool teachers of the kindergarten whose screen time met the standard was lower (ß=-0.113, p=0.017); whether the time and frequency for outdoor activities of the kindergarten met the standards and the health knowledge score of preschool teachers was positively correlated (ß=0.130, p<0.001 vs ß=0.163, p<0.001). Male preschool teachers and teachers overweight according to BMI had higher scores for preschool health knowledge (ß=-0.114, p=0.016 vs ß=0.099, p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Preschool teachers in Chongqing had a poor grasp of knowledge regarding preschool children's health, and in particular, knowledge of children's exercise and eye use. Educational background and work experience may no longer indicate preparedness for teaching these topics, and suggests that supportive measures can also be directly provided at the kindergarten level in the future to increase the health knowledge of preschool teachers.