RESUMO
To date, the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and progesterone receptors (PRs) has been little studied, although both mediate the mechanism of parturition in human deciduas. Thus, the aim of study was to investigate the role of an inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in regulating progesterone withdrawal in decidua at human parturition. TNF-α levels and PR isoforms were compared in intrauterine deciduas from women who were in labor (IL, n = 10) or who were not in labor (NIL, n = 10). Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling and PR status were analyzed in NIL deciduas after TNF-α stimulation. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, ELISA and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to localize and quantitate protein and mRNA expression. TNF-α immunostaining, protein levels, PR-A/PR-B ratio and COX-2 level were significantly higher in IL deciduas (all P < 0.05). NF-κB was activated by TNF-α after 24 h stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, and was significantly inactivated by the NF-κB inhibitor panepoxydone, which was associated with decreased PR-A and COX-2 expression (P < 0.05) in not in labor deciduas. In conclusion, TNF-α may have an important role in regulating progesterone withdrawal in human decidua following labor onset.
Assuntos
Decídua/metabolismo , Parto , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Transcrição RelA/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Cesárea , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Decídua/citologia , Decídua/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Trabalho de Parto/metabolismo , Gravidez , Proteínas da Gravidez/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Fator de Transcrição RelA/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
PIP: In this 1991 study the sex behavior and attitudes of first-year university students in Shanghai, China, were compared to attitudes and beliefs of first-year students in Hong Kong. Findings do not confirm a strong Western influence and increased promiscuity. The evidence suggests that the effect of Westernization or modernization is dependent on and varies with the nature of the imported Western culture and the form of and standards for sex education. Students from Hong Kong, which is more modernized than Shanghai, were less sexually active and more conscientious about using contraception. A high percentage of Shanghai students had experienced sexual intercourse and multiple sex partners. Christian males from the Hong Kong survey had less coital experience than non-Christian Hong Kong males. The surveys were conducted in 22 universities in Shanghai among 1919 first-year students, but only 25.1% responded with completed questionnaires (344 single Chinese males and 137 single Chinese females). The Hong Kong questionnaire was distributed to 7675 students. 2341 single Chinese males and 2247 single Chinese females who were unmarried and non-Chinese completed the survey (a 48.5% response rate). It is argued that restrained female unmarried sexuality is still limited by cultural and religious attitudes.^ieng
