[Trend analysis on the disease burden related to cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by hepatitis B, in China, from 1990 to 2016].

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the disease burden of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by hepatitis B in China, from 1990 to 2016, and to provide evidence for the development of related strategies. Methods: Data were collected from the results of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 (GBD2016). We analyzed the current epidemiological patterns by calculating the prevalence, mortality, and disability adjusted life year (DALY) of cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases, caused by hepatitis B during 1990 and 2016 in China. Results: Compared with data from 1990, the number of patients and deaths with cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases caused by hepatitis B in 2016 increased by 79.6% and 2.4%, respectively. The prevalence increased by 49.2%, higher (50.3%) in males than that (42.3%) in females. Compared with other age groups, the increase (33.2%) of prevalence appeared the fastest, in the 15-49 age group. In males, the number of deaths and DALYs increased by 13.6% and 2.2%, respectively. In 2016, the five top provinces on age-standardized DALY rates, appeared as Qinghai (314.6 per 100 000), Guizhou (303.1 per 100 000), Yunnan (262.4 per 100 000), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (239.6 per 100 000) and Taiwan (227.2 per 100 000). Conclusions: From 1990 to 2016, the prevalence rates of hepatitis B related cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases showed an upward trend, particularly in males and in people aged 15 to 49 years old, in China. However, the disease burden of different provinces was unevenly distributed. Based on our findings, we suggested that strategies that related to prevention and management of hepatitis B caused cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases should be paid more attention to.

Multiple eigenmodes of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability observed for a fluid interface with smoothly varying density.

In this article, multiple eigen-systems including linear growth rates and eigen-functions have been discovered for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) by numerically solving the Sturm-Liouville eigen-value problem in the case of two-dimensional plane geometry. The system called the first mode has the maximal linear growth rate and is just extensively studied in literature. Higher modes have smaller eigen-values, but possess multi-peak eigen-functions which bring on multiple pairs of vortices in the vorticity field. A general fitting expression for the first four eigen-modes is presented. Direct numerical simulations show that high modes lead to appearances of multi-layered spike-bubble pairs, and lots of secondary spikes and bubbles are also generated due to the interactions between internal spikes and bubbles. The present work has potential applications in many research and engineering areas, e.g., in reducing the RTI growth during capsule implosions in inertial confinement fusion.

[An analysis of incidence trends and characteristics of soft tissue sarcoma in Beijing, 1999-2013].

Objective: To analyze the incidence trends and to describe the characteristics of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) among residents in Beijing from 1999 to 2013. Methods: Medical information of the cases diagnosed as STS(ICD10: C47&C49) from 1999 to 2013 in Beijing was extracted from the population-based database of Beijing Cancer Registry.Crude incidence rate, age-standardized incidence rates to Chinese population (ASRC)and the world population(ASRW) were calculated. The characteristics of the STS cases in different gender and age groups from urban and rural areas were respectively analyzed.The incidence trends and annual percentage changes (APC) during last 15 years were analyzed by using JoinPoint 3.4.3 software. Results: A total of 2 048 cases were diagnosed as STS during the study period and the incidence rate of STS was 1.15 per 100 000 person-years. The ASRC was 0.74 per 100 000 person-years and ASRW was 0.86 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. Except for the impact of changes in the age composition, the APC of ASRW from 1999 to 2013 was 3.95%. For males, the incidence rate was increased from 0.65 per 100 000 in 1999 to 1.51 per 100 000 in 2013, and the APC was 4.27% (P<0.05); For females, the incidence rate was increased from 0.61 per 100 000 in 1999 to 0.91 per 100 000 in 2013, and the APC was 3.38% (P<0.05). In urban area, the incidence rate increased from 1.14 per 100 000 in 2000 to 1.35 per 100 000 in 2013, and the APC was 2.70% (P=0.05); In rural area, the incidence rate increased from 0.57 per 100 000 in 2000 to 0.98 per 100 000 in 2013, and the APC was 4.66% (P=0.04). 85.89%cases were pathologically diagnosed.Among them, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was the most common subtype, which accounting for 19.22%, followed by liposarcoma (19.04%), malignantnerve sheath tumor (10.18%), fibrosarcoma (10.06%)and sarcoma without definite type(7.22%). Conclusions: The incidence rate of STS is still increasing, especially in the rural area of Beijing. The most common subtypes of STS in different age-groups were different. Further study is needed to explore the high risks of STS in the population with specific characteristics.

First Report of Bean common mosaic virus Infecting Azuki Bean (Vigna angularis) in China.

Azuki bean (Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi) is one of the traditional grain legumes in China. From 2010 to 2013, mosaic and crumpling symptoms on leaves and stunting, all typical symptoms of a viral disease, were observed on cultivars CWA030, CWA221, and JCA002 of azuki bean with incidence rates of 30 to 100% and yield losses of 50 to 95% in the three fields of Changping district, Beijing. To identify the possible viral pathogen(s), 21 symptomatic leaf samples from different cultivars were collected and total RNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to RT-PCR testing with degenerate primers targeting portions of the coding regions of Cucumovirus capsid protein (CP) (1) and Potyvirus NIb (2); these viruses had been reported in azuki bean. Fragments of 940 bp and 350 bp corresponding to Cucumovirus CP and Potyvirus NIb, respectively, were amplified from all the samples collected. Sequencing of the PCR products from nine samples, followed by BLAST analysis, confirmed the presence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). All the samples tested were also positive with direct antigen coating (DAC)-ELISA using specific antiserum to CMV or BCMV (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). The CMV CP gene (GenBank Accession No. KJ467817) shared 99% sequence identity with a China CMV isolate (DQ873558). To further characterize the BCMV strain found, fragments of 3,388 bp spanning BCMV NIa, NIb, CP and 3'UTR regions were amplified with another primer set, BCMV-F (5'-AGCAAGTCAATTTACAAGGGACTTC-3') and BCMV-R (5'-GGAACAACAAACATTGCCGTAGCTAC-3') from three samples, and three independent clones from each sample were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that this segment (KJ467816) shared 98% identity with the BCMV azuki bean strain (U60100). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BCMV, together with CMV, naturally infecting azuki bean in China. Further attention should be paid to this emerging viral disease and measures should be taken to control the spread of BCMV. References: (1) S. K. Choi et al. J. Virol. Methods 83:1345, 1999. (2) L. Zheng et al. Plant Pathol. 59:1345, 2010.

First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus in China.

In October 2012, a severe yellowing disease was found on greenhouse and plastic house tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants in Beijing, China. The disease incidence varied from 5 to 80% in each of six fields across Haidian and Daxing districts. The lower leaves showed symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, leaf brittleness, and limited brown necrotic flecks, similar to symptoms induced by Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) (two members of genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) (4). A large number of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) were also observed. Leaf samples were taken from eight symptomatic and two asymptomatic tomato plants in two plastic houses in the Haidian district and total RNA was isolated from the 10 samples using TRIzol reagent (Tiangen, Beijing, China). Nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed to test the presence of ToCV and TICV with degenerate primers HS-11 and HS-12 and specific primers ToC-5/ToC-6 or TIC-3/TIC-4 for ToCV or TICV, respectively (1). With ToCV primers, a 463-bp specific fragment was amplified from eight symptomatic samples but not from two asymptomatic samples, and there was no amplification with TICV primers from any sample. Sequence analysis of the amplified fragment showed 99% nucleotide sequence identity with the heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) gene of ToCV isolates from Japan (GenBank Accession No. AB513442), Spain (DQ136146), Florida (AY903448), and Greece (EU284744). The presence of ToCV was confirmed by amplification of a 848-bp fragment covering the coat protein (CP) gene of ToCV with primers CP-F (5'-GAATCTTTTAGAAGCTTTGGTTTAAGG-3') and CP-R (5'-GATCCTCTTGATCCTCATAGATTTC-3') (3). The CP had 97 to 99% amino acid sequence identity to the above-mentioned four ToCV isolates. A sequence of the CP gene obtained from one isolate was deposited at GenBank (KC311375). Additionally, virions were isolated from 25 g of symptomatic samples followed Klaassen's method (2) and their lengths were estimated to be about 800 to 850 nm by transmission electronic microscopy To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToCV on tomato in mainland China. Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated crops in China and the spread of ToCV in China may cause significant economic losses. Further information on the prevalence and incidence of ToCV is required to assess the potential impact of this virus. References: (1) C. I. Dovas et al. Plant Dis. 86:1345, 2002. (2) V. A. Klaassen et al. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1525, 1994. (3) H. Tomoki et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 76:168, 2010. (4) G. C. Wisler et al. Phytopathology 88:402, 1998.

Identification and molecular characterization of a new potyvirus from Panax notoginseng.

A potyvirus causing distortion and mosaic symptoms in the herbal plant Sanqi (Panax notoginseng) was isolated from Yunnan province, China, and the complete nucleotide sequence of one isolate and the partial sequences of two other isolates were determined. The viral RNA genome comprised 9,750 nt excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail, with the capacity to encode a single polyprotein of 3,089 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis with other completely sequenced potyviruses revealed that the virus in this study was most closely related to plum pox virus, with 56.3% nt identity in the genomic RNA sequence and 53.3% aa identity in the polyprotein. However, the most closely related 3'-terminal sequences were from four partially sequenced potyviruses infecting plants of the family Apiaceae (67.7-75.3% nt identity and 73.8-76.7% aa identity in their coat protein cistrons), especially Angelica virus Y. These results suggest that this virus isolate should be designated a member of a new species in the genus Potyvirus, which is tentatively named Panax virus Y (PanVY).

Plastocyanin transit peptide interacts with Potato virus X coat protein, while silencing of plastocyanin reduces coat protein accumulation in chloroplasts and symptom severity in host plants.

Potato virus X coat protein (PVXCP) is, through communication with host proteins, involved in processes such as virus movement and symptom development. Here, we report that PVXCP also interacts with the precursor of plastocyanin, a protein involved in photosynthesis, both in vitro and in vivo. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that PVXCP interacted with only the plastocyanin transit peptide. In subsequent bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, both proteins were collocated within chloroplasts. Western blot analyses of chloroplast fractions showed that PVXCP could be detected in the envelope, stroma, and lumen fractions. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that grana were dilated in PVX-infected Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing of plastocyanin by prior infection of N. benthamiana using a Tobacco rattle virus vector reduced the severity of symptoms that developed following subsequent PVX infection as well as the accumulation of PVXCP in isolated chloroplasts. However, PVXCP could not be detected in pea chloroplasts in an in vitro re-uptake assay using the plastocyanin precursor protein. Taken together, these data suggest that PVXCP interacts with the plastocyanin precursor protein and that silencing the expression of this protein leads to reduced PVXCP accumulation in chloroplasts and ameliorates symptom severity in host plants.

The genomic sequence and biological properties of Pennisetum mosaic virus, a novel monocot-infecting potyvirus.

The complete nucleotide sequences of two isolates of Pennisetum mosaic virus (PenMV) were determined. The viral genome comprised 9,611 nucleotides (nt) excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) sequence, with the capacity of encoding a single polyprotein of 3,065 amino acids. The large open reading frame is flanked by a 172-nt 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and a 244-nt 3'-UTR. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of the complete genome and polyproteins suggest that PenMV is closely related to other monocot potyviruses such as Maize dwarf mosaic virus, Sorghum mosaic virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), and thus represents a distinct potyvirus within the SCMV subgroup. The host range of PenMV is limited to Gramineae, and the virus naturally infects maize, sorghum and some wild grasses, causing mosaic symptoms on the leaves. This virus could be transmitted by both mechanical inoculation and by at least four species of aphids.

Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus p27 and its isoforms affect symptom expression and potentiate virus movement in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.).

Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV), a member of the genus Carmovirus, encodes p27 (27-kDa protein) and two other in-frame isoforms (p25 and p22.5) that are coterminal at the carboxyl end. Only p27, which initiates at the 2570CUG codon, was detected in transfected kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) protoplasts through fusion to a Flag tag at either its N or C terminus. Subcellular localization of a p27-green fluorescent fusion protein in kenaf epidermal cells showed that it was localized to membrane structures close to cell walls. To study the functions of these proteins, a number of start codon mutants and premature translation termination mutants were constructed. Phenotypic differences were observed between the wild-type virus and these mutants during infection. Infectivity assays on plants indicated that p27 is a determinant of symptom severity. Without p25, appearance of symptoms on systemically infected kenaf leaves was delayed by 4 to 8 days. In a timecourse analysis, Western blot assays revealed that the delay corresponded to retardation in virus systemic movement, which suggested that p25 is probably involved in virus systemic movement. Mutations disrupting expression of p22.5 did not affect symptoms or virus movement.

The genomic sequence of Wisteria vein mosaic virus and its similarities with other potyviruses.

The complete nucleotide sequence of a Beijing isolate of Wisteria vein mosaic virus was determined to be 9695 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail. Sequence analysis predicted a single large open reading frame of 9279 nucleotides potentially encodes a polyprotein of 3092 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genomic and deduced amino acid sequences support the current status of Wisteria vein mosaic virus (WVMV) as a distinct virus of the genus Potyvirus and a member of the Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) subgroup. Sequence comparisons of WVMV and other members of the BCMV subgroup showed that WVMV is most closely related to both soybean mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus.

First Report of Tomato mosaic virus on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in China.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., family Malvaceae, is an attractive horticultural plant originating from China. Five viruses infecting H. rosa-sinensis that have been characterized previously are Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV, genus Carmovirus), Hibiscus latent ringspot virus (HLRSV, genus Nepovirus), Hibiscus yellow mosaic virus (genus Tobamovirus), Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV, genus Nucleorhabdovirus), and Okra mosaic virus (OkMV, genus Tymovirus) (2). Recently, two novel tobamoviruses infecting H. rosa-sinensis were characterized in Singapore and Florida (1). In this study, viral symptoms were observed on H. rosa-sinensis in Nanyang City in Henan Province, China. The systemic symptoms included dark and light green mosaic in young leaves, leaf puckering and malformation on older leaves, and significant stunting. Rod-shaped virus particles were isolated from H. rosa-sinensis expressing systemic symptoms. The virus was transmitted mechanically to 10 species from three families. Symptoms expressed on these plants included systemic leaf chlorosis and distortion on Lycopersicum esculentum, systemic mosaic on Capsicum annuum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Physalis floridana, and systemic chlorosis on Glycine max. N. tabacum-Xanthi nc and Datura stramonium were asymptomatic. The virus also produced chlorotic and necrotic local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, and C. murale. The virus was propagated in L. esculentum, N. tabacum, and P. floridana. Virions purified from systemically infected N. tabacum contained a single-stranded RNA of approximately 6.4 kb and a coat protein (CP) of approximately 17.6 kDa. The double-stranded RNA profile revealed a single band of approximately 6.4 kb. Sap extracted from virus-infected plants reacted positive with an antiserum prepared against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) using an antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The CP gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers specific to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and sequence data obtained from the resulting amplification product. The CP gene consisting of 159 amino acids (GenBank Accession No. AY313136) shared 99.37% identity with the ToMV Queensland isolate (GenBank Accession No. AF332868). On the basis of biology, serology, properties of virions, and the sequence of the CP gene, we conclude that the virus isolated from H. rosa-sinensis in China is Tomato mosaic virus(ToMV). References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Plant Dis. 87:1190, 2003. (2) M. H. V. van Regenmortel et al., eds. Virus Taxonomy. 7th Report of the ICTV, Academic Press, NY, 2000.

Complete sequence of the genomic RNA of the prevalent strain of a potyvirus infecting maize in China.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the prevalent strain of a potyvirus isolated from maize in Beijing, China was determined and compared with other closely related potyviruses. The viral genome comprises 9595 nucleotides, excluding the poly (A) tail, and encodes a putative polyprotein of 3063 amino acid residues. Sequence comparison of the coat proteins showed that this isolate was most closely related to most other potyviral isolates infecting maize across China with identities of about 99% and thus represented the prevalent strain. It was also closely related to most isolates of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infecting maize in Europe with maximum identity of about 95% at the amino acid level. The polyprotein sequence of the Beijing isolate shares identities of 98% with those of two other Chinese maize isolates and shares identity of 69% with Maize dwarf mosaic virus-Bulgarian isolate, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences indicated that the Beijing isolate can be tentatively referred to as a prevalent strain of SCMV.

[A study on the effect of rare earth metal ions on fluorescence spectra of the tryptophan using fluorescence spectroscopy].

Rare earth metal ions and tryptophan form ion-association complex in basic medium. The complex causes fluorescence quenching of tryptophan. Fluorescence emission of tryptophan and quenching caused by rare earth metal ions both reach a climax in H3BO4-HAc-H3PO4-NaOH at pH 10 to 11, and all rare earth metal ions have the approximate effects on fluorescence quenching of tryptophan. The molecular mode of complex of rare earth metal ions and tryptophan has been founded and mechanism of fluorescence quenching has been studied in this paper.

High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors.

Lack of disease in long-term nonprogressors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was strongly associated with very low copy numbers of HIV-1 DNA and RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma and the presence of high levels of anti-HIV-1 CD8+ memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Gag, Pol, and Env, compared with levels present in intermediate and advanced progressors. CD8+ memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes may have an important role in controlling HIV-1 replication and preventing disease in long-term nonprogressors.

[Spermidine radioimmunoassay in monitor of precancerous lesions of esophagus].

Serum spermidine was assayed by radioimmunoassay in different stages of esophageal carcinogenesis in the population from high risk area of esophageal cancer, Linxian County. The serum spermidine values were 76.94 +/- 74.38 ng/ml in 36 normal individuals; 115.71 +/- 113.45 ng/ml in 35 patients with marked epithelial hyperplasia (MEH) and 294.48 +/- 135.36 ng/ml in 31 patients with early esophageal cancer. Patients with MEH were given intervention treatment by Aminoretinoic Ester or Anticancer B or placebo (Starch) as controls. One year later, samples from the population were collected again for serum spermidine measurement. The values were 95.8 +/- 68.2 ng/ml in 27 normals; 125.1 +/- 72.9 ng/ml in 62 patients with MEH treated by Anticancer B; 125.6 +/- 117.2 ng/ml in 64 patients with MEH by Aminoretinoic Ester; 162.4 +/- 76.6 ng/ml in 62 controls and 210.5 +/- 182.9 ng/ml in 44 patients with early esophageal cancer. The results showed that spermidine radioimmunoassay could reflect the tendency of esophageal precancerous changes toward cancer or back to normal. They can be taken as a mid-way monitor indicator for tumor-blocking drugs. Also, it could be of value in the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer.

[Preliminary application of carbohydrate antigen CA-50 radioimmunoinhibition test in diagnosing and monitoring cancers].

Serum CA-50 antigen in the normal individuals and cancer patients was assayed by radioimmunoassay. CA-50, one type of carbohydrate antigens, consisting mainly of sialylated glycolipid (a ganglioside) and sialylated glycoprotein, can be isolated from the primary or metastatic tumors. Using the latest CA-50 antigen radioimmunoinhibition test kits prepared by Steana Diagnostics AB Company, Sweden, the serum CA-50 content was measured in 62 normal individuals, 9 primary hepatocellular carcinomas, 9 liver benign tumors, 23 ovarian or uterine carcinomas, 22 other malignancies and 21 benign tumors. The normal value was 6.05 +/- 4.93 U/ml. The test values in cancer patients were significantly higher than those in normals or benign tumor patients. Taking the normal mean value plus two times of standard deviation as positive, the positive rate was 77.7% for liver cancer, 65.2% for ovary and uterus carcinomas, 50% for the other cancers. There was only one positive in 62 normals with a false positive rate of 1.6%. Furthermore, 19 patients, being in the remission period or cured by effective treatment, gave normal CA-50 value. It is shown that this method can be used in cancer diagnosis, differential diagnosis and the monitor, prediction of prognosis.

Biochemical markers of tumor diathesis and early cancer.

Many biochemical parameters have been used as tumor markers but few are satisfactory to reflect tumor diathesis and/or for early detection. Studies in the Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, have indicated that serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and sialic acid were increased in lung cancers, but 20% of pulmonary tuberculosis patients were also positive. Serum polyamines determined by RIA were increased in cancer patients. The positive rates for cancer of lung and esophagus were 84% and 100%, respectively. Polyamine contents considerably increased in esophagus tissue of rats treated with methylbenzylnitrosamine, and this occurred far earlier than the tumor appeared. However, whether serum polyamine can be used for early detection of esophageal cancer awaits further studies. An unknown fluorescent compound in urine was found in normal people but was very much decreased in cancer patients. This compound showed cytostatic effect on tumor cells in vitro. Serum antibodies against EBV-associated DNase could be used as a marker for NPC.