Identification of the three subtypes and the prognostic characteristics of stomach adenocarcinoma: analysis of the hypoxia-related long non-coding RNAs.

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. This study analyzed the subtypes and characteristics of STAD subtypes by analyzing hypoxia pathway-related lncRNAs. Potential hub lncRNAs were found and a prognostic model was constructed. Expression profiling data and clinical information of STAD were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Metabolic pathway scores were calculated using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) method. Tumor immune microenvironment scores of the samples were assessed by ESTIMATE, MCP-counter, and ssGSEA. Functional analysis of lncRNAs, construction of risk models, and drug sensitivity analysis were performed. Pathway analysis revealed that the hypoxia pathway was a prognostic risk factor. Molecular subtypes were developed based on the hypoxia score-related lncRNAs. Three molecular subtypes (C1, C2, and C3) for gastric STAD were determined. The worst prognosis was in the C2, which was also characterized by the maximum hypoxia pathway-related scores and the maximum immune score. A majority of the immune checkpoints and chemokines were high-expressed in the C2 subtype. Mutations in the C2 subtype were significantly lower than the C1 and C3 subtypes. The subtypes differed in terms of functional and metabolic pathways. Eight hub indicator lncRNAs (MSC-AS1, AC037198.1, LINC00968, AL139393.3, LINC02544, BOLA3-AS1, MIR1915HG, and AC107021.2) capable of predicting patient prognosis were identified. Three hypoxia lncRNA-related molecular subtypes characterized by different prognostic and immune conditions were identified. The results maybe can provide a theoretical basis to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of STAD.

[Effects of row spacing and sowing rate on vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat canopy.] / è¡Œè·å’Œæ’­ç§é‡å¯¹å†¬å°éº¦å† å±‚å ‰åˆæœ‰æ•ˆè¾å°„åž‚ç›´åˆ†å¸ƒã€ç”Ÿç‰©é‡å’Œç±½ç²’äº§é‡çš„å½±å“.

To clarify the effects of row spacing and sowing rate on the vertical distribution of canopy PAR, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted without increa-sing water and fertilizer input. There were two row spacing modes, R1 (equal spacing, 20 cm+20 cm) and R2(wide and narrow row spacing, 12 cm+12 cm+12 cm+24 cm), and three sowing rates, D1 (low, 120 kg·hm-2), D2 (medium, 157.5 kg·hm-2), D3 (high, 195 kg·hm-2). The canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and utilization rate in different heights, population photosynthetic capacity, biomass, and grain yield were measured during the main growth stages of winter wheat. The results showed that both total PAR interception and upper layer PAR interception of winter wheat canopy under R1 treatment were significantly higher than those in R2 treatment, but those of the middle layer and lower layer were higher in R2 than in R1, and with significant difference in the middle layer. From flowering to maturity, the photosynthetic potential (LAD), population photosynthetic rate (CAP), PAR conversion rate, and utilization rate in R2 were all significantly higher than those in R1 under the same sowing rate, with the highest value under R2D2 treatment. With the increasing sowing rate, the population biomass (BA) and leaf biomass (BL) at different layers increased, but the individual biomass (BP) showed an opposite trend. Under the same sowing rate, BA, BL and BP in R2 were higher than that in R1 after the flowering stage. Among them, BA and BP had significant difference in row spacing treatments at the maturity stage, with significant difference between the two row spacing treatments being observed in BL of the middle and lower layers under D2 and D3 sowing rates. The spike number, grain number per spike, 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield of winter wheat among different treatments were the highest in R2D3, R2D1, R2D1, and R2D2, respectively. The 1000-kernel weight, grain number per spike and grain yield in R2 treatment were significantly higher than R1. In summary, the PAR interception in the middle and lower layers of winter wheat canopy was improved by changing row spacing, with positive consequence on the photosynthetic capacity of individual plant and population, PAR utilization and transformation efficiency, which finally increased biomass and grain yield. Therefore, optimizing the field structure and shaping the ideal population photosynthetic structure should pay more attention during the high-yield cultivation of winter wheat. Making full use of light resources per unit land area and excavating the photosynthetic production potential of crops were also critical to achieve high yield and efficiency. In this experiment, the population photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic effective radiation utilization rate, and yield were the highest under the treatment of R2D2.

Estradiol-induced inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes following hemorrhagic shock.

The aim is to investigate that 17ß-estradiol (E2)/estrogen receptors (ERs) activation normalizes splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) following hemorrhage. The results showed that hemorrhagic shock (hemorrhage through femoral artery, 38-42 mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation of 30 min and subsequent observation period of 180 min) decreased the CD4+ T lymphocytes proliferation and cytokine production after isolation and incubation with Concanavalin A (5 µg/mL) for 48 h, induced the splenic injury with evidences of missed contours of the white pulp, irregular cellular structure, and typical inflammatory cell infiltration, upregulated the expressions of ERS biomarkers 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Either E2, ER-α agonist propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) or ERS inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyric acid administration normalized these parameters, while ER-ß agonist diarylpropionitrile administration had no effect. In contrast, administrations of either ERs antagonist ICI 182,780 or G15 abolished the salutary effects of E2. Likewise, ERS inducer tunicamycin induced an adverse effect similarly to that of hemorrhagic shock in sham rats, and aggravated shock-induced effects, also abolished the beneficial effects of E2 and PPT, respectively. Together, the data suggest that E2 produces salutary effects on CD4+ T lymphocytes function, and these effects are mediated by ER-α and GPR30, but not ER-ß, and associated with the attenuation of hemorrhagic shock-induced ERS.