Carbenoxolone decreases monocrotaline­induced pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling in rats by decreasing the expression of connexins in T lymphocytes.

The adaptive immune response mediated by T lymphocytes is a well­established factor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation. Changes in the expression of various connexins (Cxs) or disruption of connexin­mediated cellular communication in T lymphocytes contribute to inflammation or tissue remodeling. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential therapeutic value of blocking Cxs in a monocrotaline (MCT)­induced pulmonary inflammation rat model. Carbenoxolone (CBX) was used to inhibit connexin­mediated cellular communication. An MCT rat model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of MCT (60 mg/kg), and CBX treatment (20 µg/kg/day, i.p.) was initiated on the day following MCT treatment for 28 days. Vehicle­treated male Sprague­Dawley rats were used as the negative control. The MCT rat model was evaluated by measuring the pulmonary artery flow acceleration time and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI). Histopathological features of the lung tissues and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling were assessed. The proportions of T lymphocyte subtypes, Cx40/cx43 expression in the T cell subtypes and the cytokine levels in the plasma and the lung tissues were also analyzed. Pharmacological inhibition of Cxs using CBX attenuated MCT­induced right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary arteriolar remodeling, lung fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration by decreasing the RVHI, pulmonary arterial wall thickening, collagen deposition and pro­inflammatory cytokines production as well as CD3+ and CD4+ T cell accumulation in lung tissues of MCT­treated rats. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed that CBX may inhibit MCT­induced Cx40 and Cx43 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in lung tissues. The present study provides evidence that pharmacological inhibition of Cxs may attenuate MCT­induced pulmonary arteriolar remodeling and pulmonary inflammatory response, at least in part, by decreasing Cx expression. The results highlight the critical role of Cxs in T lymphocytes in the MCT­induced pulmonary inflammatory response and that targeting of Cxs may be a potential therapeutic method for treating pulmonary inflammatory diseases.

Increased expression and functionality of the gap junction in peripheral blood lymphocytes is associated with hypertension-mediated inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND: Imbalances in circulating T lymphocytes play critical roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension-mediated inflammation. Connexins (Cxs) in immune cells are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of T lymphocytes. However, the association between Cxs in peripheral blood T lymphocytes and hypertension-mediated inflammation remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of Cxs in T lymphocytes in hypertension-mediated inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS: The systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and SHRs was monitored using the tail-cuff method. The serum cytokine level was determined using ELISA. The proportions of different T-lymphocyte subtypes in the peripheral blood, the expressions of Cx40/Cx43 in the T-cell subtypes, and the gap junctional intracellular communication (GJIC) of peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured using flow cytometry (FC). The accumulations of Cx40/Cx43 at the plasma membrane and/or in the cytoplasm were determined using immunofluorescence staining. The in vitro mRNA levels of cytokines and GJIC in the peripheral blood lymphocytes were respectively examined using real-time PCR and FC after treatment with Gap27 and/or concanavalin A (Con A). RESULTS: The percentage of CD4+ T cells and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were high, and the accumulation or expressions of Cx40/Cx43 in the peripheral blood lymphocytes in SHRs were higher than in those of WKY rats. The percentage of CD8+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells was lower in SHRs. The serum levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 from SHRs were higher than those from WKY rats, and the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6 positively correlated with the expression of Cx40/Cx43 in the peripheral blood T lymphocytes from SHRs. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of SHRs exhibited enhanced GJIC. Cx43-based channel inhibition, which was mediated by Gap27, remarkably reduced GJIC in lymphocytes, and suppressed IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA expressions in Con A stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that Cxs may be involved in the regulation of T-lymphocyte homeostasis and the production of cytokines. A clear association was found between alterations in Cxs expression or in Cx43-based GJIC and hypertension-mediated inflammation.