Design and evaluation of a wearable vascular interventional surgical robot system.

BACKGROUND: Remote-controlled robotic vascular interventional surgery can reduce radiation exposure to interventional physicians and improve safety. However, inconvenient operation and lack of force feedback limit its application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A new wearable robotic system for vascular interventional surgery is designed, which is more flexible in operation. It ensures the safety of surgery through haptic force feedback. The system was evaluated by human vascular models and animal experiments. RESULTS: The average static error of the system is 0.048 mm when the axial motion is 250 mm and 1.259° when the rotational motion is 400°. The average error of the force feedback is 0.021 N. The results of vascular model experiments and animal experiments demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the system. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed robotic system can assist physicians in remotely delivering standard catheters or guidewires. The system is more flexible and uses haptic force feedback to ensure surgical safety.

Naringin protects H9C2 cardiomyocytes from chemical hypoxia­induced injury by promoting the autophagic flux via the activation of the HIF­1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway.

Naringin, a natural bioflavonoid, has been shown to exert protective effects in multiple cardiovascular diseases; however, the protective effects of naringin against hypoxic/ischemia­induced myocardial are not yet fully understood. Autophagy is a vital factor involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of naringin on H9c2 cells against chemical hypoxia [cobalt chloride (CoCl2)]­induced injury. The role of autophagy and the hypoxia­inducible factor­1α (HIF­1α)/Bcl­2/BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) signaling pathway in the protective effects of naringin were also assessed. The results revealed that naringin pre­treatment significantly attenuated the CoCl2­induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and also decreased caspase­3 activity, which had been increased by CoCl2. In addition, CoCl2 increased Beclin­1 expression, enhanced the IL3B­II/IL3B­I ratio and increased p62 expression in the H9C2 cells. Treatment with 3­methyladenine (3­MA), a selective inhibitor of autophagy, also blocked CoCl2­induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Notably, treatment with bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), an inhibitor of the vacuolar H+ ATPase of lysosomes, resulted in an increase in the upregulation of the LC3B­II/LC3B­I ratio, but did not further increase the LC3B­II/LC3B­I ratio compared with CoCl2 treatment. These results suggested that CoCl2 inhibited the autophagic flux, which resulted in myocardial cell damage. Furthermore, naringin pre­treatment exacerbated Beclin 1 expression and the increased IL3B­II/IL3B­I ratio, and reduced p62 expression in CoCl2­treated H9C2 cells. 3­MA and Baf A1 both reversed the protective effects of naringin against CoCl2­induced injury, indicating that naringin attenuated CoCl2­induced myocardial cell injury by the increasing autophagic flux. Moreover, naringin treatment resulted in upregulated expression levels of HIF­1α and BNIP3 in the CoCl2­treated H9C2 cells. The inhibition of the HIF­1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway using 3­(5'­hydroxymethyl­2'­furyl)­1­benzylindazole (an inhibitor of HIF­1α) prevented the effects of naringin on the autophagic flux and reversed its protective effects against CoCl2­induced injury. Taken together, these results suggest that naringin protects the H9C2 cells against CoCl2­induced injury by enhancing the autophagic flux via the activation of the HIF­1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway.

Thermal management of a semiconductor laser array based on a graphite heat sink.

Thermal analysis of a semiconductor laser array is carried out by establishing a packaging structure model of the array based on the use of copper as the base heat sink. A novel composite heat sink structure for a high-power semiconductor laser array with copper-implanted graphite microholes is proposed. The relationship between the location and quantity of microholes and the junction temperature of the semiconductor laser array is analyzed by numerical simulation. The packaging structure is found to effectively reduce the temperature generated by the semiconductor laser array in the process of operation, and the highest temperature is reduced by 4.52 K. Since the laser diode bar is composed of multiple emitters, the temperature of the intermediate emitters is higher than that of the edge emitters. The structure of the graphite heat sink is optimized to improve the temperature uniformity of the semiconductor laser array emitter. Without changing the parameters of the semiconductor laser array device, the temperature difference is calculated, and a reduction from 7.68 to 2 K is shown.