Tri- and tetra-substituted cyclen based lanthanide(III) ion complexes as ribonuclease mimics: a study into the effect of log Ka, hydration and hydrophobicity on phosphodiester hydrolysis of the RNA-model 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP).

A series of tetra-substituted 'pseudo' dipeptide ligands of cyclen (1,4,7,10,-tetraazacyclododecane) and a tri-substituted 3'-pyridine ligand of cyclen, and the corresponding lanthanide(III) complexes were synthesised and characterised as metallo-ribonuclease mimics. All complexes were shown to promote hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of 2-hydroxypropyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP, τ1/2 = 5.87 × 10(3) h), a well known RNA mimic. The La(III) and Eu(III) tri-substituted 3'-pyridine lanthanide(III) complexes being the most efficient in promoting such hydrolysis at pH 7.4 and at 37 °C; with τ1/2 = 1.67 h for La(III) and 1.74 h for Eu(III). The series was developed to provide the opportunity to investigate the consequences of altering the lanthanide(III) ion, coordination ability and hydrophobicity of a metallo-cavity on the rate of hydrolysis using the model phosphodiester, HPNP, at 37 °C. To further provide information on the role that the log Ka of the metal bound water plays in phosphodiester hydrolysis the protonation constants and the metal ion stability constants of both a tri and tetra-substituted 3'pyridine complex were determined. Our results highlighted several key features for the design of lanthanide(III) ribonucelase mimics; the presence of two metal bound water molecules are vital for pH dependent rate constants for Eu(III) complexes, optimal pH activity approximating physiological pH (∼7.4) may be achieved if the log Ka values for both MLOH and ML(OH)2 species occur in this region, small changes to hydrophobicity within the metallo cavity influence the rate of hydrolysis greatly and an amide adjacent to the metal ion capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the substrate is required for achieving fast hydrolysis.

The effect on the lanthanide luminescence of structurally simple Eu(III) cyclen complexes upon deprotonation of metal bound water molecules and amide based pendant arms.

A series of substituted 1,4,7,10-tetraazacylcododecane ligands 1-4, possessing sensitizing nitrobenzene or naphthalene antennae, as one of the amide pendant arms, and their complexes with europium(III) were synthesised. The protonation constants and the metal ion stability constants of two of these ligands were determined by potentiometric titration. The pK(a) of the water molecules coordinated to the complexed metal ion were determined by both luminescent and potentiometric measurements. The luminescence pH dependence of a further three Eu(III) complexes, 5-7, which lack any antennae, were also studied with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the role of the metal bound water molecules in the luminescence properties of such complexes upon direct excitation of the lanthanide ion. The results from these luminescent measurements demonstrate that the Eu(III) emission was significantly modulated as a function of pH for all the complexes, which we assigned to changes occurring in the coordination environment of the ion within the cyclen system, caused by deprotonation of metal bound water molecules and/or deprotonation of pendent amide arms.

Tuning the properties of cyclen based lanthanide complexes for phosphodiester hydrolysis; the role of basic cofactors.

The synthesis of several cyclen based lanthanide [Eu(III) and La(III)] complexes is described; these metallo ribonuclease mimics are based on the use of alkyl amines as pendent arms, which give rise to fast hydrolysis within the physiological pH range of HPNP (an RNA model compound) that is highly dependent on the length of the alkyl spacer.

Effect on pKa of metal-bound water molecules in lanthanide ion-induced cyclen "cavities".

[reaction: see text] The macrocyclic cyclen conjugates 1-4 were synthesized with the aim of forming lanthanide ion-based macrocyclic conjugates possessing deep cavities, formed upon complexation to various lanthanide ions. These complexes all possess metal-bound water molecules, where the pKa of the water molecules depends on the nature of the cavity.

Factors associated with refusal to enter a clinical trial: epidural anesthesia is a deterrent to participation.

PURPOSE: To compare patients who participate in a clinical trial for pain management involving epidural anesthesia to those who refuse and document their reasons for refusing. METHODS: Demographic and health history information was collected from 621 female patients who were screened for inclusion in a pain management trial involving epidural anesthesia. Patients who completed the clinical trial (n = 149) were compared to those who consented to provide screening information but did not enter the trial (n = 472). RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent of women who refused cited unwillingness to have an epidural as the reason for their decision. Non-Caucasians (P < 0.01), patients with no history of mood/anxiety disorders (P < 0.016) or systemic disease (P < 0.02), and patients with certain types of pain (P < 0.02) were more likely to refuse to participate in the clinical trial. A longer duration between recruitment and surgery was also found to be associated with higher participation rates (P < 0.01). A logistic regression equation significantly predicted which patients would participate or refuse (P < 0.0001), indicating that a specific set of health and demographic factors strongly influence the decision to participate in a trial. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to participate in a clinical trial is viewed as a risk/benefit analysis. Factors such as short recruitment to surgery intervals and pre-existing pain, which increase the salience of risks associated with the trial, may result in lower participation rates. Overall, epidural anesthesia is a strong deterrent to participation in a clinical trial.