Recent advances on biomedical applications of gellan gum: A review.

Gellan gum (GG) has attracted considerable attention as a versatile biopolymer with numerous potential biological applications, especially in the fields of tissue engineering, wound healing, and cargo delivery. Due to its distinctive characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and gel-forming ability, GG is well-suited for these applications. This review focuses on recent research on GG-based hydrogels and biocomposites and their biomedical applications. It discusses the incorporation of GG into hydrogels for controlled drug release, its role in promoting wound healing processes, and its potential in tissue engineering for various tissues including bone, retina, cartilage, vascular, adipose, and cardiac tissue. It provides an in-depth analysis of the latest findings and advancements in these areas, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in these fields.

The Effect of Dental Adhesive Composition and Etching Mode on Microleakage of Bonding Agents in Primary Molar Teeth.

Statement of the Problem: The dilemma of microleakage at the composite-tooth interface is still a major challenge in operative dental practice. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the microleakage of universal adhesive with self-etch and total-etch bonding strategies for restoration of class-II primary molar cavities. Materials and Method: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 75 extracted primary molars. Class-II cavities were prepared in mesial or distal surfaces. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE; St Paul, MN, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake, Osaka, Japan), G-Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), G-Premio Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with total-etch mode and G-Premio Bond with self-etch mode. Cavities were also restored with Nano-hybrid resin composite (Grandio, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) and incubated for 24 hours, followed by thermocycling at 1500× between 5-55°C within a dwell time of 20 seconds. Later, the cavities were placed in 1M silver nitrate solution and evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Finally, microleakage was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. One tooth in each group was prepared and evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and Chi-square test (p< 0.05). Results: The microleakage values were significantly different in the study groups (p< 0.05). The highest level of microleakage was noted in G-Bond and the lowest in G-Premio Bond with total etching. There was a significant correlation between the qualitative and quantitative measurements of microleakage. Conclusion: The G-Premio Bond yielded acceptable results in terms of microleakage in total-etch and self-etch modes. However, additional etching is recommended to improve the quality of bonding.