Integrating reverse osmosis to a conventional river water treatment plant as a strategy to produce drinking water after mining dam rupture events: a case study.

Incidents of mining dam failure have compromised the water quality, threatening the water supply. Different strategies are sought to restore the impacted area and to guarantee the water supply. One example is water treatment plants that treat high-polluted waters within the required limits for their multiple usages. The current study assesses the integration of reverse osmosis (RO) to a river water treatment plant (RWTP) installed in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil) to treat the water from the Ferro-Carvão stream impacted by the B1 dam rupture in 2019. The RWTP started eleven months after the mining dam rupture and is equipped with eight coagulation-flocculation tanks followed by eight pressurised filters. A pilot RO plant was installed to polish the water treated by the RWTP. Water samples were collected at different points of the water treatment plant and were characterised by their physical, chemical, and biological parameters (160 in total). The results were compared with the historical data (1997-2022) to reveal the alterations in the water quality after the rupture event. The compliance with both parameters was only achieved after the RO treatment, which acted as an additional barrier to 30 contaminants. The water quality indexes (WQI) suggested that the raw surface water, even eleven months after the incident, was unfit for consumption (WQI: 133.9) whereas the reverse osmosis permeate was ranked as excellent in the rating grid (WQI: 23.7).

Antipsychotic agents in anxiety disorders: An umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: Although not approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders (except trifluoperazine) there is ongoing off-label, unapproved use of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) for anxiety disorders. There have been systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders, most of which focused on SGAs. OBJECTIVE: The specific aims of this umbrella review are to: (1) Evaluate the evidence of efficacy of FGAs and SGAs in anxiety disorders as an adjunctive treatment to traditional antidepressant treatments and other nonantipsychotic medications; (2) Compare monotherapy with antipsychotics to first-line treatments for anxiety disorders in terms of effectiveness, risks, and side effects. The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021237436). METHODS: An initial search was undertaken to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses from inception until 2020, with an updated search completed August 2021 and January 2023. The searches were conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), APA PsycInfo (Ovid), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), and the Cochrane Library through hand searches of references of included articles. Review quality was measured using the AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) scale. RESULTS: The original and updated searches yielded 1796 and 3744 articles respectively, of which 45 were eligible. After final review, 25 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included in the analysis. Most of the systematic reviews and meta-analyses were deemed low-quality through AMSTAR-2 with only one review being deemed high-quality. In evaluating the monotherapies with antipsychotics compared with first-line treatments for anxiety disorder there was insufficient evidence due to flawed study designs (such as problems with randomization) and small sample sizes within studies. There was limited evidence suggesting efficacy of antipsychotic agents in anxiety disorders other than quetiapine in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). CONCLUSIONS: This umbrella review indicates a lack of high-quality studies of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders outside of the use of quetiapine in GAD. Although potentially effective for anxiety disorders, FGAs and SGAs may have risks and side effects that outweigh their efficacy, although there were limited data. Further long-term and larger-scale studies of antipsychotics in anxiety disorders are needed.

Cytotoxicity of PEG-Coated Gold and Gold-Iron Alloy Nanoparticles: ROS or Ferroptosis?

Nanomedicine relies on the exploitation of nanoscale constructs for therapeutic and diagnostic functions. Gold and gold-iron alloy nanoparticles (NPs) are two examples of nanomaterials with favorable features for use in nanomedicine. While gold NPs have been studied extensively in the last decades, they are not biodegradable. Nonetheless, biodegradation was recently observed in gold alloys with iron obtained using laser ablation in liquid (LAL). Hence, there is a significant interest in the study of the biological effects of gold and gold-iron alloy nanoparticles, starting from their tolerability and cytotoxicity. In this study, these two classes of NPs, obtained via LAL and coated with biocompatible polymers such as polyethylene glycol, were investigated in terms of their cytotoxicity in fibroblasts, prostate cancer cells (PC3) and embryonic kidney cells (HEK). We also explored the effects of different synthetic procedures, stabilizing additives, and the possible mechanisms behind cell mortality such as the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or ferroptosis. NPs larger than 200 nm were associated with lower cell tolerability. The most tolerable formulations were pure PEG-Au NPs, followed by PEG-Au-Fe NPs with a hydrodynamic size < 50 nm, which displayed a toxicity of only 20% in fibroblasts after 72 h of incubation. In addition, tumor cells and highly proliferating HEK cells are more sensitive to the NPs than fibroblasts. However, a protective effect of catalase was found for cells incubated with PEG-Au-Fe NPs, indicating an important role of hydrogen peroxide in alloy NP interactions with cells. These results are crucial for directing future synthetic efforts for the realization of biocompatible Au NPs and biodegradable and cytocompatible Au-Fe alloy NPs. Moreover, the correlation of the cytocompatibility of NPs with ROS and ferroptosis in cells is of general interest and applicability to other types of nanomaterials.

Performance analysis of innovative cleaning and soiling mitigation solutions in the semi-arid climate of Benguerir Morocco.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the hydrophobic coatings and detergent cleaning & antistatic protection for photovoltaic solar panels in semi-arid weather conditions in Benguerir Morocco. Various coating and cleaning strategies were tested on five photovoltaic (PV) systems with the same PV panels and electrical configurations. The first PV system (uncleaned) was not subject to any coatings or cleaning solutions. The second PV system (Water Cleaned) was periodically cleaned with raw water. The third PV system: solar wash protects (SWP) made use of a cleaning solution. The fourth:D solar defender (DSS) and fifth: industrial glass protect (IGP) PV systems each had a unique combination of the two hydrophobic coatings. The results demonstrated that after 9 months of operation, in the first 3 months (cleaning period) the average efficiency gain of the coated PV panels is around 10% compared to the reference system. Whereas in the non-cleaning period after 6 months of exposure, the efficiency gain is around 5%. After the outdoor exposure period, the cumulative energy gain of the coated systems compared to the water-cleaned reference reaches an average of 3%. It has been found that the SWP used 50% less water to clean the PV panels than the system cleaned without a cleaning solution, which made the panels harder to clean. The SWP is more successful at dust removal during the dry season (August-February) with low rain rates. However, during the rainy season (March-April), IGP outperformed SWP and DSD, with a small difference in PV performance. This study demonstrates the significance of using new cleaning strategies such as anti-soling coatings in dry areas to enhance the performance of photovoltaic systems, which may be useful for investors, researchers, and engineers interested in grid-connected photovoltaic and self-cleaning technology.

Photoantibacterial Poly(vinyl)chloride Films Applying Curcumin Derivatives as Bio-Based Plasticizers and Photosensitizers.

Herein we describe the design of natural curcumin ester and ether derivatives and their application as potential bioplasticizers, to prepare photosensitive phthalate-free PVC-based materials. The preparation of PVC-based films incorporating several loadings of newly synthesized curcumin derivatives along with their standard solid-state characterization is also described. Remarkably, the plasticizing effect of the curcumin derivatives in the PVC material was found to be similar to that observed in previous PVC-phthalate materials. Finally, studies applying these new materials in the photoinactivation of S. aureus planktonic cultures revealed a strong structure/activity correlation, with the photosensitive materials reaching up to 6 log CFU reduction at low irradiation intensities.

Polyurethane films formation from microcrystalline cellulose as a polyol and cellulose nanocrystals as additive: Reactions favored by the low viscosity of the source of isocyanate groups used.

To simultaneously form films while synthesizing solvent-free and catalyst-free bio-based polyurethanes, hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer was selected as an isocyanate group source to produce a low-viscosity reaction medium for dispersing high contents of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, polyol) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Castor oil was used as an additional polyol source. Up to 80 % of the MCC was dispersed, producing a film exhibiting the highest Tg (72 °C), tensile strength (18 MPa), and Young's modulus (522.4 MPa). 12.5 % (30 % MCC) and 7.5 % (50 % MCC) of CNC dispersed in the reaction medium formed films stiffer than their counterparts. All the films exhibited transparency and high crystallinity. The contact angle/zeta potential (ζ) indicated hydrophobic film surfaces. At pH 7.4, ζ suggested that the films interacted with physiological fluids favorably. The films were non-cytotoxic, and the composites exhibited cell growth compared with the control. The reported results, as far as it is known, are unprecedented.

Understanding and addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in low and middle income countries and in people with severe mental illness: Overview and recommendations for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Despite the speedy development of vaccines for COVID-19, their rollout has posed a major public health challenge, as vaccine hesitancy (VH) and refusal are high. Addressing vaccine hesitancy is a multifactorial and context-dependent challenge. This perspective focuses on VH in the world region of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and includes people suffering from severe mental illness, therefore covering populations and subpopulations often neglected in scientific literature. We present an overview of VH in LAC countries, discussing its global and historical context. Vaccine uptake has shown to widely vary across different subregions of LAC. Current data points to a possible correlation between societal polarization and vaccination, especially in countries going through political crises such as Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Poor accessibility remains an additional important factor decreasing vaccination rollout in LAC countries and even further, in the whole Global South. Regarding patients with severe mental illness in LAC, and worldwide, it is paramount to include them in priority groups for immunization and monitor their vaccination coverage through public health indicators.

Suicidality and psychotic episodes after starting aripiprazole: two case reports.

Switching antipsychotic medication must be done carefully to ensure patient safety and a successful response. Here, we present two major psychotic decompensations that occurred following a switch to aripiprazole in two patients with schizophrenia. Mr. X was treated with paliperidone and experienced residual anxiety. Thus, a switch to aripiprazole was planned with risperidone and a gradual decrease in paliperidone. Initially, an increase in aripiprazole resulted in remission of his residual symptoms. However, two weeks later, he presented an anxiety relapse with persecutory ideas which required hospitalization. Mr. Y, who was treated for many years with risperidone, presented with a treatment resistant psychotic episode. A switch to aripiprazole enhanced his clinical condition. Despite the initial improvement, soon after discharge from the hospital, the patient presented psychotic symptoms requiring home intervention. Ultimately, the patient in the midst of a delusional recrudescence, had killed himself when the health care team arrived. A strong dopamine antagonist may lead to the development of dopaminergic upregulation. The addition of a partial agonist to these hypersensitive neurotransmitter pathways could explain these episodes. We agree with previous reports and recommend careful management when switching from strong dopamine antagonists to aripiprazole.

Effects of pharmaceuticals compounds and calcium on granulation, microbiology, and performance of anaerobic granular sludge systems.

Granular sludge is a promising biotechnology to treat sewage contaminated with pharmaceuticals due to its increased toxicity resistance. In this context, this study evaluated the potential of Ca2+ as a granulation precursor and how pharmaceutical compounds (loratadine, prednisone, fluconazole, fenofibrate, betamethasone, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, and ketoprofen) affect granulation. Continuous and intermittent dosages of Ca2+ in the presence and absence of pharmaceuticals were evaluated. The results showed that intermittent addition of Ca2+ reduces the time for anaerobic sludge granulation, and pharmaceuticals presence did not impair granulation. 10% of the granules presented mean diameters greater than 2.11 mm within 93 days with intermittent Ca2+ dosage in the pharmaceuticals' presence. In contrast, no granules higher than 2.0 mm were observed with no precursor addition. The pharmaceuticals' toxicity may have created a stress condition for the microbial community, contributing to more EPS production and a greater potential for granulation. It was also verified that pharmaceuticals' presence did not decrease organic matter, total alkalinity, and volatile fatty acids removals. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed taxa resistance to recalcitrant compounds when pharmaceuticals were added. Besides, the efficiency of a granular sludge bioreactor (EGSB) was evaluated for pharmaceuticals removal, and betamethasone, fenofibrate, and prednisone were effectively removed.

My Health Too: Investigating the Feasibility and the Acceptability of an Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Program Developed for Healthcare Workers.

Background: The COVID-19 crisis has had a considerable mental health impact on healthcare workers. High levels of psychological distress are expected to have a significant impact on healthcare systems, warranting the need for evidence-based psychological interventions targeting stress and fostering resilience in this population. Online cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has proved to be effective in targeting stress and promoting resilience. However, online CBT programs targeting stress in healthcare workers are lacking. Objective: The aim of our study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an internet-based CBT intervention, the My Health Too program we developed during the first COVID-19 epidemic peak in France. Methods: We recruited 10 participants among Alsace region hospital staff during the first peak of the pandemic in France. They were given 1 week to test the website and were then asked to answer an internet survey and a semi-structured phone interview. Results: We conducted a thematic analysis of the content from the phone interviews. Major themes were identified, discussed and coded: the technical aspects, the content of the website and its impact on participants' emotions and everyday life. Overall, the participants reported finding the website easy to use and interactive. They described the resources as easy to understand, readily usable, and useful in inducing calm and in helping them practice self-compassion. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the My Health Too online CBT program is highly feasible and acceptable to healthcare workers during the highly stressful times of the pandemic peak. The feedback provided helped to improve the program whose efficacy is to be tested.

Tumor radiosensitization by photobiomodulation.

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) in tumors and its potential as a radiosensitizer when combined with radiotherapy. METHODS: We have performed in vitro experiments in A431 cells to assess proliferation and cell cycle after PBM, as well as clonogenic assay and H2AX-gamma immunolabeling to quantify double strand breaks after the combination of PBM and radiation. In vivo experiments in xenografts included Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histological analysis. RESULTS: PBM did not induce proliferation in vitro, but increased the G2/M fraction by 27% 24h after illumination, resulting in an enhancement of 30% in radiation effect in the clonogenic assay. The median survival of the PBM-RT group increased by 4 days and the hazard ratio was 0.417 (CI 95%: 0.173-1.006) when compared to radiation alone. OCT analysis over time demonstrated that PBM increases tumor necrosis due to radiation, and histological analysis showed that illumination increased cell differentiation and angiogenesis, which may play a role in the synergetic effect of PBM and radiation. CONCLUSION: PBM technique may be one of the most appropriate approaches for radiosensitizing tumors while protecting normal tissue because of its low cost and low training requirements for staff.

Effects of photobiomodulation on the redox state of healthy and cancer cells.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) uses light to stimulate cells. The molecular basis of the effects of PBMT is being unveiled, but it is stated that the cytochrome-c oxidase enzyme in mitochondria, a photon acceptor of PBMT, contributes to an increase in ATP production and modulates the reduction and oxidation of electron carriers NADH and FAD. Since its effects are not fully understood, PBMT is not used on tumors. Thus, it is interesting to investigate if its effects correlate to mitochondrial metabolism and if so, how it could be linked to the optical redox ratio (ORR), defined as the ratio of FAD/(NADH + FAD) fluorescences. To that end, fibroblasts (HDFn cell line) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25 cell line) were irradiated with a light source of 780 nm and a total dose of 5 J/cm2, and imaged by optical microscopy. PBMT down-regulated the SCC-25 ORR by 10%. Furthermore, PBMT led to an increase in ROS and ATP production in carcinoma cells after 4 h, while fibroblasts only had a modest ATP increase 6 h after irradiation. Cell lines did not show distinct cell cycle profiles, as both had an increase in G2/M cells. This study indicates that PBMT decreases the redox state of oral cancer by possibly increasing glycolysis and affects normal and tumor cells through distinct pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the effects of PBMT on mitochondrial metabolism from the initiation of the cascade to DNA replication. This is an essential step in the investigation of the mechanism of action of PBMT in an effort to avoid misinterpretations of a variety of combined protocols.

Clinical Pharmacy in Psychiatry: Towards Promoting Clinical Expertise in Psychopharmacology.

Although clinical pharmacy is a discipline that emerged in the 1960s, the question of precisely how pharmacists can play a role in therapeutic optimization remains unanswered. In the field of mental health, psychiatric pharmacists are increasingly involved in medication reconciliation and therapeutic patient education (or psychoeducation) to improve medication management and enhance medication adherence, respectively. However, psychiatric pharmacists must now assume a growing role in team-based models of care and engage in shared expertise in psychopharmacology in order to truly invest in therapeutic optimization of psychotropics. The increased skills in psychopharmacology and expertise in psychotherapeutic drug monitoring can contribute to future strengthening of the partnership between psychiatrists and psychiatric pharmacists. We propose a narrative review of the literature in order to show the relevance of a clinical pharmacist specializing in psychiatry. With this in mind, herein we will address: (i) briefly, the areas considered the basis of the deployment of clinical pharmacy in mental health, with medication reconciliation, therapeutic education of the patient, as well as the growing involvement of clinical pharmacists in the multidisciplinary reflection on pharmacotherapeutic decisions; (ii) in more depth, we present data concerning the use of therapeutic drug monitoring and shared expertise in psychopharmacology between psychiatric pharmacists and psychiatrists. These last two points are currently in full development in France through the deployment of Resource and Expertise Centers in PsychoPharmacology (CREPP in French).

Neural correlates of negative and disease-specific emotional stimuli in panic disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

OBJECTIVE: Decades of research have highlighted the involvement of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated cortex, and limbic areas (amygdala) in panic disorder (PD). However, little attention has been given specifically to the inferior frontal gyrus. The current study aimed to investigate the neural substrates, including the inferior frontal gyrus, of both panic-related and negative conditions among individuals with PD and healthy controls. METHODS: We examined 13 medication-free PD patients and 14 healthy controls with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to negative and neutral pictures and a set of specific panic-related pictures. RESULTS: Subtraction between the conditions indicated activation of the left amygdala region and the right inferior frontal gyrus in PD patients during the specific panic-related condition, whereas the left amygdalar region and left inferior frontal gyrus were activated during the negative condition in controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in patients with PD, a prominent bottom-up process is involved in specific panic-related conditions, which might be associated with weak modulation of the left frontal area. These data add to our current understanding of the neural correlates of PD and can contribute to future clinical interventions targeting the functional reestablishment of these regions.

Photobiomodulation effects on photodynamic therapy in HNSCC cell lines.

A combination of metabolic modifications by light stimulus and photodynamic action is very attractive. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) comprehends a vast range of applications and has been shown to be suitable to ease morbidities caused by chemotherapy and radiation, such as mucositis and dermatitis. The current study investigates the effects of near-infrared PBMT combined with porphyrin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC-25 and SCC-4. The aim is to evaluate the potential of this combination to improve PDT outcome by increasing cell toxicity. Many techniques were used to verify the combined effect. Photobiomodulation (PBM) enhanced PDT action in SCC-25 cells by increasing photosensitizer (PS) uptake and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The equivalent was not seen in SCC-4 cells compared to the PDT only group. We believe these effects are strongly related to the interval of application between PBMT, PS incubation and PDT. Additionally, the effect of ascorbic acid on preventing PBM effects in PDT shows that ROS play an important role in the early mechanisms of PBM-PDT. Therefore, we believe PBM-PDT combination is worth exploring, for its benefit-cost ratio and simple protocols, along with the possibility of improvement in treatment resuts.

Antihistamine and cationic amphiphilic drugs, old molecules as new tools against the COVID-19?

Several studies have reported that certain psychoactive drugs could have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we propose that antihistamines (anti-H1) and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD), specifically, have the capacity to disrupt virus entry and replication. In addition, several of these molecules have limited side effects and as such could be promising prophylactic candidates against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Dissolving microneedles containing aminolevulinic acid improves protoporphyrin IX distribution.

One important limitation of topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the limited tissue penetration of precursors. Microneedles (MNs) are minimally invasive devices used to promote intradermal drug delivery. Dissolving MNs contain drug-associated to polymer blends, dissolving after insertion into skin, allowing drug release. This study comprises development and characterization of a pyramidal model of dissolving MNs (500 µm) prepared with 5% wt/wt aminolevulinic acid and 20% wt/wt Gantrez AN-139 in aqueous blend. Protoporphyrin IX formation and distribution were evaluated in tumor mice model by using fluorescence widefield imaging, spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy. MNs demonstrated excellent mechanical resistance penetrating about 250 µm with minor size alteration in vitro, and fluorescence intensity was 5-times higher at 0.5 mm on average compared to cream in vivo (being 10 ± 5 a.u. for MNs and 2.4 ± 0.8 a.u. for cream). Dissolving MNs have overcome topical cream application, being extremely promising especially for thicker skin lesions treatment using PDT.

Integration of ozonation and an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed reactor for micropollutant removal from sewage.

Conventional sewage treatment systems are generally not designed to remove micropollutants, requiring the development of new technologies, such as the combination of biological processes with advanced oxidative processes. The configuration of an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor stands out for its use of granular biomass and high sludge bed expansion. Ozonation is an advanced oxidative process that stands out as one of the most promising technologies for the degradation of micropollutants. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the removal of drugs through the application of ozonation as a polishing process for the effluent of an EGSB reactor that was fed with synthetic sewage. Ozonation was shown to be efficient in the degradation of these compounds, reaching removals above 90%. It was found that the degradation profile of each drug varied according to its chemical structure since some drugs are more susceptible to oxidation than others and since the concentrations of pharmaceuticals are also related to their removal. Moreover, the assessment of risks to the environment and human health confirmed the need to assess the best scenario for risk reduction considering all drugs, since even with almost complete removal of some compounds, the effluents still showed toxicity. Thus, the high removal efficiencies found for the evaluated micropollutants showed that this technique has the potential to be used to improve the quality of biological reactor effluents or even to be combined in effluent reuse systems.

A Brazilian Case of Treatment-Resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder Successfully Treated with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).

In this brief report we present the case of a 53 year old man with a very debilitating Generalized Anxiety Disorder successfully treated with tranylcypromine. After several failed treatment attempts following international guidelines recommendations over the course of one year and a half, tranylcypromine was prescribed which led to effective and sustained remission of anxiety symptoms for this patient. We also briefly explore treatment options for resistant cases of generalized anxiety disorder, given the major negative impacts of untreated GAD in a person's daily functioning and quality of life.

Evaluation of anionic surfactant removal by anaerobic degradation of commercial laundry wastewater and domestic sewage.

An expanded granular sludge bed reactor was evaluated for the anaerobic digestion of commercial laundry wastewater and domestic sewage focused on the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). The reactor was operated in three stages, all under mesophilic conditions and with a hydraulic retention time of 36 h. At stage I, the laundry wastewater was diluted with tap water (influent: 15.3 ± 4.9 mg LAS/L); at stage II, 50% of the feed volume was domestic sewage and 50% was a mixture of tap water and laundry wastewater (influent: 15.8 ± 4.9 mg LAS/L); and at stage III, only domestic sewage was used as a diluent of the laundry wastewater (influent: 24.1 ± 4.1 mg LAS/L). Due to the addition of domestic sewage the organic compounds content and LAS in the influent increased. Under such conditions, it was observed that LAS removal rate decreased from 77.2 ± 14.9% (stage I) to 55.3 ± 18.4% (stage III). Statistical tests indicated that the decrease of the LAS removal rate was significant and indicated a correlation between the removal of LAS and specific organic loading rate. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed genera similar to Geobacter, Desulfovibrio, Syntrophomonas, Syntrophus, Desulfobulbus, Desulfomonile, and Desulfomicrobium, which were related to the degradation of LAS.