Avaliação do comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental em ratos / Evaluation of the behaviour of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats

Introdução: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória, resultante da disbiose microbiana e da resposta do hospedeiro, que leva à destruição dos tecidos de suporte dentário, inclusive das fibras colágenas periodontais, podendo culminar na perda do elemento dental. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental induzida em ratos. Material e método: Doze ratos Wistar foram distribuídos nos grupos: Controle (C), Periodontite Experimental 14-dias (PE-14d), Periodontite Experimental 21-dias (PE-21d) e Periodontite Experimental 42-dias (PE-42d). No dia 0, os animais do grupo C foram eutanasiados. Neste mesmo dia, os animais remanescentes foram submetidos à instalação de uma ligadura de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo para indução da periodontite experimental. Tais animais foram eutanasiados aos 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) e 42 (PE-42d) dias após a instalação da ligadura. Executou-se o processamento histológico das hemimandíbulas e as secções foram submetidas à reação histoquímica pelo vermelho picro-sirius. A análise qualitativa descritiva foi realizada sob microscopia de luz polarizada, na região de furca dental, evidenciando as fibras do ligamento periodontal. Resultado: O grupo C exibiu feixes espessos e orientados de fibras colágenas maduras, condizentes com aspecto de normalidade. Os grupos com periodontite experimental exibiram desestruturação tecidual severa, com fibras colágenas imaturas e de menor espessura, sendo tais condições mais exacerbadas nos grupos PE-14d e PE-21d. Conclusão: As fases iniciais da periodontite apresentam caráter agudo e, portanto, resultam na rápida destruição dos tecidos periodontais de suporte, prejudicando potencialmente a fibrilogênese e a reestruturação do colágeno no ligamento periodontal.

Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious-inflammatory disease resulting from microbial dysbiosis and host response that leads to the destruction of tooth support tissues, including periodontal collagen fibers, which may culminate in tooth loss. Objective: To evaluate the behavior of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of induced experimental periodontitis in rats. Material and method: Twelve Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Control (C), 14-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-14d), 21-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-21d) and 42-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-42d). At day 0, the animals of group C were euthanized. At the same day, the remaining animals were submitted to the installation of a cotton ligature around the lower left first molar for the induction of experimental periodontitis. The animals were euthanized at 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) and 42 (PE-42d) days after the installation of ligature. Histological processing of the hemi-mandibles was performed and the sections underwent histochemical reaction using picro-sirius red. The descriptive qualitative analysis was performed under polarized light microscopy, in the dental furcation region, evidencing the fibers of the periodontal ligament. Result: Group C exhibited thick and oriented bundles of mature collagen fibers, consistent with a normal appearance. The groups with experimental periodontitis exhibited severe tissue disruption, with immature and thinner collagen fibers, with such conditions being more exacerbated in the PE-14d and PE-21d groups. Conclusion: The early stages of periodontitis present acute response, and therefore result in rapid destruction of periodontal support tissues and potentially impair fibrillogenesis and collagen restructuring in the periodontal ligament.

THE NEW INJURIES' RISK AFTER ACL RECONSTRUCTION MIGHT BE REDUCED WITH FUNCTIONAL TRAINING.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate if functional training with the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can reduce the risk of a new injury for patients that underwent an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Our hypothesis was that the functional training might reduce the risk of a new injury. METHODS: Our training protocol consisted of six phases, each one lasting six weeks. It began two months after surgery. The study group was composed of 10 individuals that completed our protocol after ACLR. The control group consisted of 10 people that completed a regular ACLR rehabilitation protocol. The FMS was used to compare the study and control group performance. Patients with a score of 14 or less on the FMS were considered more likely to suffer an injury than those with a score higher than 14. RESULTS: The study group average FMS score was 16.6 compared to the control group at 12.3. Functional training for ACLR rehabilitation added a statistically significant benefit (p < 0.0002) to reduce the risk of a new injury compared to regular protocol. CONCLUSION: Functional training may be considered an alternative to the regular ACLR rehabilitation to reduce the risk of a new injury before returning to sports. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o treinamento funcional pode reduzir o risco de nova lesão, após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA), pelo Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Nossa hipótese foi que o treinamento funcional pode diminuir o risco de nova lesão. MÉTODOS: O treinamento consistiu de seis fases de seis semanas cada uma. Começou dois meses após a reconstrução do ligamento. O grupo estudo foi composto por 10 indivíduos que completaram o treinamento, após a RLCA. O grupo controle consistiu em 10 pessoas que fizeram o protocolo regular de reabilitação da RLCA. O FMS foi utilizado para comparar o desempenho dos dois grupos. Pacientes com pontuação igual ou inferior a 14 foram considerados mais propensos a sofrer nova lesão em comparação àqueles com pontuação maior que 14. RESULTADOS: A pontuação média do grupo estudo foi de 16,6 e a do grupo controle, 12,3. O treinamento funcional adicionou um benefício estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,0002) para diminuir o risco de nova lesão, em comparação com o protocolo regular. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento funcional pode ser mais uma estratégia a ser incluida na reabilitação regular da RLCA, para diminuir o risco de uma nova lesão, antes de retornar ao esporte. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso controle.

The new injuries' risk after acl reconstruction might be reduced with functional training / O risco de novas lesões após reconstrução do lca pode ser minorado com o treinamento funcional

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate if functional training with the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can reduce the risk of a new injury for patients that underwent an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Our hypothesis was that the functional training might reduce the risk of a new injury. Methods: Our training protocol consisted of six phases, each one lasting six weeks. It began two months after surgery. The study group was composed of 10 individuals that completed our protocol after ACLR. The control group consisted of 10 people that completed a regular ACLR rehabilitation protocol. The FMS was used to compare the study and control group performance. Patients with a score of 14 or less on the FMS were considered more likely to suffer an injury than those with a score higher than 14. Results: The study group average FMS score was 16.6 compared to the control group at 12.3. Functional training for ACLR rehabilitation added a statistically significant benefit (p < 0.0002) to reduce the risk of a new injury compared to regular protocol. Conclusion: Functional training may be considered an alternative to the regular ACLR rehabilitation to reduce the risk of a new injury before returning to sports. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar se o treinamento funcional pode reduzir o risco de nova lesão, após a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA), pelo Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Nossa hipótese foi que o treinamento funcional pode diminuir o risco de nova lesão. Métodos: O treinamento consistiu de seis fases de seis semanas cada uma. Começou dois meses após a reconstrução do ligamento. O grupo estudo foi composto por 10 indivíduos que completaram o treinamento, após a RLCA. O grupo controle consistiu em 10 pessoas que fizeram o protocolo regular de reabilitação da RLCA. O FMS foi utilizado para comparar o desempenho dos dois grupos. Pacientes com pontuação igual ou inferior a 14 foram considerados mais propensos a sofrer nova lesão em comparação àqueles com pontuação maior que 14. Resultados: A pontuação média do grupo estudo foi de 16,6 e a do grupo controle, 12,3. O treinamento funcional adicionou um benefício estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,0002) para diminuir o risco de nova lesão, em comparação com o protocolo regular. Conclusão: O treinamento funcional pode ser mais uma estratégia a ser incluida na reabilitação regular da RLCA, para diminuir o risco de uma nova lesão, antes de retornar ao esporte. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de Caso controle.

Inflammatory pain in peripheral tissue depends on the activation of the TNF-α type 1 receptor in the primary afferent neuron.

The mechanism underlying the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia has been extensively studied, mainly the role of TNF-α in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The current concept relies in the fact that TNF-α stimulates the cascade release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 (CINC-1 in rats), triggering the release of the final inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and sympathetic amines that directly sensitize the nociceptors. However, this may not be the sole mechanism involved as the blockade of TNF-α synthesis by thalidomide prevents hyperalgesia without interrupting the synthesis of IL-1ß, IL-6, and CINC-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that activation of TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR1) by TNF-α increases nociceptors' susceptibility to the action of PGE2 and dopamine. We have found out that intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotide-antisense (ODN-AS) against TNFR1 or thalidomide prevented carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia. The co-administration of TNF-α with a subthreshold dose of PGE2 or dopamine that does not induce hyperalgesia by itself in the hind paw of Wistar rats pretreated with dexamethasone (to prevent the endogenous release of cytokines) induced a robust hyperalgesia that was prevented by intrathecal treatment with ODN-AS against TNFR1. We consider that the activation of neuronal TNFR1 by TNF-α decisively increases the susceptibility of the peripheral afferent neuron to the action of final inflammatory mediators - PGE2 and dopamine - that ultimately induce hyperalgesia. This mechanism may also underlie the analgesic action of thalidomide.

Jitter evaluation in denervation and reinnervation in 32 cases of chronic radiculopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the jitter parameters in muscles with denervation/reinnervation in 32 chronic radiculopathy cases. METHODS: Measurements were done in chronic denervated muscles by voluntary and electrical activation using a concentric needle electrode. RESULTS: Mean jitter was abnormal in 87.5% (mean 49.2 µs) and 81.25% (mean 36.8 µs), for voluntary and electrical activation. In muscles with fibrillation potentials (FPs), the mean jitter was abnormal in all cases, and impulse blocking was frequent (53.4-92.3%). In muscles without FPs, the mean jitter was abnormal in 78.9% for voluntary activation and 68.4% for electrical activation. No correlation was found between jitter and motor unit action potential amplitude. CONCLUSION: The muscles with FPs were associated with the immature spread of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) throughout the muscle membrane. Conversely, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) assemble may be repressed by the already reinnervated muscles. For those, higher jitter may be due to the persistence of atrophic fibers expressing neonatal myosin heavy chain (MHC) and immaturity of NMJ composting instead of the overspread of immature AChRs. SIGNIFICANCE: Jitter measurement must be avoided in chronic denervated muscles, regardless of FPs' presence. The activity of reinnervated muscle could maintain neonatal MHC and repress new NMJs development.

Local administration of mangiferin prevents experimental inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia through CINC-1/epinephrine/PKA pathway and TNF-α inhibition.

Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to control inflammatory pain, but there is a risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and increased heart failure risk. The search for new drugs remains ongoing, and natural products are a source for potential new compounds. Mangiferin, a natural xanthone C-glucoside, has demonstrated biological activity, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, but it's mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of local administration of mangiferin. We employed an electronic von Frey apparatus to evaluate mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan in rats. Mangiferin (150-1200 µg/paw), administered locally into the hindpaw, prevented hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent - 150 µg (- 9%), 300 µg (- 27%, P < 0.01), 600 µg (- 77%, P < 0.001) and 1000 µg (- 93%, P < 0.001) - and local manner. Mangiferin showed decreased levels of TNF-α (P < 0.001) and CINC-1 (P < 0.001), but not IL-1ß; it also prevented neutrophil migration (P < 0.01), but not the increased COX-2 expression in peripheral tissue challenged with carrageenan. To further explore the mechanisms of mangiferin actions, rats were injected with modulators of inflammation and nociception; mangiferin prevented hyperalgesia induced by IL-1ß (P < 0.01), CINC-1 (P < 0.01), epinephrine (P < 0.01), 8-Br-cAMP (P < 0.01) or capsaicin (P < 0.01), but not that induced by PGE2 or α,ß-MeATP. Our study shows that mangiferin has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties when locally administrated. The control of the inflammatory response and mechanical hyperalgesia by mangiferin depends on the inhibition of TNF-α production/release and the CINC1/epinephrine/PKA pathway, supporting its marked inhibition of inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia.

O neolamarckismo de Edward Drinker Cope e a ideia de progresso biológico no processo evolutivo / The neo-Lamarckism of Edward Drinker Cope and the idea of biological progress in the evolutionary process

A teoria neolamarckista de Edward Cope operava com um mecanismo alternativo à seleção natural. Acréscimos ou decréscimos dos estágios ontogênicos produziriam características que poderiam ser geradas e integradas ao organismo por meio da herança de caracteres adquiridos. Incrementando, ou não, a complexidade corporal, tal mecanismo aumentava a capacidade adaptativa. Isso poderia ser interpretado como progresso biológico de maneira semelhante à interpretação feita por defensores da teoria sintética evolutiva. Mas, diferentemente destes últimos, o neolamarckismo relegava à seleção natural papel secundário. Este estudo esclarece o posicionamento de Cope em relação ao fenômeno do progresso biológico, assim como seu enfoque fortemente adaptacionista, propondo que essa tenha sido uma contribuição indireta à articulação da nova síntese evolutiva.

Edward Cope's neo-Lamarckist theory operated with an alternative mechanism to natural selection. For him, increases or decreases of the ontogenic stages produce characteristics that could be generated and integrated into the organism through the inheritance of acquired characters. Increasing body complexity, or not, this mechanism increased adaptive capacity. This could be interpreted as biological progress in a manner similar to the interpretation made by proponents of synthetic evolutionary theory. But unlike the latter, neo-Lamarkism relegated natural selection to a secondary role. This study aims to clarify the position of Cope in relation to the phenomenon of biological progress, as well as his strongly adaptational approach, proposing that this has been an indirect contribution to the articulation of the new evolutionary synthesis.

Recent Trends in Pharmacological Activity of Alkaloids in Animal Colitis: Potential Use for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and disrupted inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD have two main conditions, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and have been extensively investigated in recent years. Antibiotics derived from salicylates, steroids, immunosuppressors, and anti-TNF therapy are part of the therapeutic arsenal for IBD. However, very often patients stop responding to treatments over the time. In this context, searching for alternative agents is crucial for IBD clinical management. Natural products derived from medicinal plants are an interesting therapeutic alternative, since several studies have proven effective treatments in animal models of intestinal inflammation. Several naturally occurring compounds are potent antioxidants, both as free radical scavengers and as modulators of antioxidant enzymes expression and activity. A number of natural compounds have also been proved to inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines, decreasing the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is important to the inflammatory response in IBD. The alkaloids are substances of a very diverse class of plant secondary metabolites; an extensive list of biological activities has been attributed to alkaloids, such as being anticholinergic, antitumor, diuretic, antiviral, antihypertensive, antiulcer, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory. In the present work, studies on the pharmacological activity of alkaloids in experimental models of IBD were reviewed.

Gastroprotective effects of hydroethanolic root extract of Arrabidaea brachypoda: Evidences of cytoprotection and isolation of unusual glycosylated polyphenols.

The hydroethanolic root extract of Arrabidaea brachypoda, from Bignoniaceae family, a Brazilian medicinal plant, demonstrated significant in vivo gastroprotective effects using different in vivo assays. The activity was evaluated in several models of experimental gastric ulcer in rats (absolute ethanol, glutathione depletion, nitric oxide depletion, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pylorus ligation and acetic acid). Using 300 mg/kg (p.o.) the extract significantly reduced gastric injury in all models. In depth phytochemical investigation of this extract led to the isolation of two previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycosides derivatives and seven unusual glycosylated dimeric flavonoids. The structures were elucidated using UV, NMR and HRMS analysis. Absolute configuration of the dimeric flavonoids was performed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy.

O neolamarckismo de Edward Drinker Cope e a ideia de progresso biológico no processo evolutivo.

Edward Cope's neo-Lamarckist theory operated with an alternative mechanism to natural selection. For him, increases or decreases of the ontogenic stages produce characteristics that could be generated and integrated into the organism through the inheritance of acquired characters. Increasing body complexity, or not, this mechanism increased adaptive capacity. This could be interpreted as biological progress in a manner similar to the interpretation made by proponents of synthetic evolutionary theory. But unlike the latter, neo-Lamarkism relegated natural selection to a secondary role. This study aims to clarify the position of Cope in relation to the phenomenon of biological progress, as well as his strongly adaptational approach, proposing that this has been an indirect contribution to the articulation of the new evolutionary synthesis.

A teoria neolamarckista de Edward Cope operava com um mecanismo alternativo à seleção natural. Acréscimos ou decréscimos dos estágios ontogênicos produziriam características que poderiam ser geradas e integradas ao organismo por meio da herança de caracteres adquiridos. Incrementando, ou não, a complexidade corporal, tal mecanismo aumentava a capacidade adaptativa. Isso poderia ser interpretado como progresso biológico de maneira semelhante à interpretação feita por defensores da teoria sintética evolutiva. Mas, diferentemente destes últimos, o neolamarckismo relegava à seleção natural papel secundário. Este estudo esclarece o posicionamento de Cope em relação ao fenômeno do progresso biológico, assim como seu enfoque fortemente adaptacionista, propondo que essa tenha sido uma contribuição indireta à articulação da nova síntese evolutiva.

Beneficial cilostazol therapeutic effects in mdx dystrophic skeletal muscle.

This study evaluated the possible protective effects of cilostazol against myonecrosis in dystrophic diaphragm muscle in vivo, focusing on oxidative stress, the inflammatory response and angiogenesis. Young mdx mice, the experimental animal for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, received cilostazol for 14 days. A second group of mdx mice and a control group of C57BL/10 mice received a saline solution. In the mdx mice, cilostazol treatment was associated with reduced loss of muscle strength (-34.4%), decreased myonecrosis, reduced creatine kinase levels (-63.3%) and muscle fibres stained for immunoglobulin G in dystrophic diaphragm muscle (-81.1%), and a reduced inflammatory response, with a decreased inflammatory area (-22%), macrophage infiltration (-44.9%) and nuclear factor-κB (-24%) and tumour necrosis factor-α (-48%) content in dystrophic diaphragm muscle. Furthermore, cilostazol decreased oxidative stress and attenuated reactive oxygen species production (-74%) and lipid peroxidation (-17%) in dystrophic diaphragm muscle, and promoted the up-regulation of angiogenesis, increasing the number of microvessels (15%). In conclusion, the present results show that cilostazol has beneficial effects in dystrophic muscle. More research into the potential of cilostazol as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of dystrophinopathies is required.

Reduction of Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Response in the Diaphragm Muscle of mdx Mice Using Iron Chelator Deferoxamine.

Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes strongly contribute to pathogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Based on evidence that excess iron may increase oxidative stress and contribute to the inflammatory response, we investigated whether deferoxamine (DFX), a potent iron chelating agent, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm (DIA) muscle of mdx mice (an experimental model of DMD). Fourteen-day-old mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of DFX at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, diluted in saline, for 14 days. C57BL/10 and control mdx mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline only, for 14 days. Grip strength was evaluated as a functional measure, and blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment of muscle fiber degeneration. In addition, the DIA muscle was removed and processed for histopathology and Western blotting analysis. In mdx mice, DFX reduced muscle damage and loss of muscle strength. DFX treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of dystrophic inflammatory processes, as indicated by decreases in the inflammatory area and in NF-κB levels. DFX significantly decreased oxidative damage, as shown by lower levels of 4-hydroxynonenal and a reduction in dihydroethidium staining in the DIA muscle of mdx mice. The results of the present study suggest that DFX may be useful in therapeutic strategies to ameliorate dystrophic muscle pathology, possibly via mechanisms involving oxidative and inflammatory pathways.

Royal Jelly and its dual role in TNBS colitis in mice.

Royal Jelly (RJ) is widely consumed in diets throughout the world due to its beneficial effects: antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory. We have investigated the role of RJ in the development of TNBS colitis in mice. Colitis was induced by a rectal instillation of TNBS at 0.1 mL per mouse. Intestine samples of the animals orally treated with RJ (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) were collected for antioxidant assays (GSH and GSH-Px), proinflammatory protein quantification (COX-2 and NF-κB), and histological analyses. RJ 100 mg/kg maintained GSH levels and increased the activity of GSH-Px, downregulated key inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and NF-κB), and decreased the lesions caused by TNBS as shown by the histological analyses. In conclusion, RJ showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in experimental colitis, resulting in the amelioration of the macroscopic and histological analyses. These results corroborate with the RJ supplementation in diets.

The effect of a minor constituent of essential oil from Citrus aurantium: the role of ß-myrcene in preventing peptic ulcer disease.

The monoterpene ß-myrcene has been widely used in cosmetics, food and beverages, and it is normally found in essential oil from citrus fruit. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-ulcer effects of ß-myrcene on experimental models of ulcers that are induced by ethanol, NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), stress, Helicobacter pylori, ischaemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) and cysteamine in order to compare with the essential oil of Citrus aurantium and its major compound limonene. The results indicate that the oral administration of ß-myrcene at a dose of 7.50mg/kg has important anti-ulcer activity with significantly decreased gastric and duodenal lesions as well as increased gastric mucus production. The results showed treatment with ß-myrcene caused a significant increase in mucosal malondialdehyde level (MDA), an important index of oxidative tissue damage. The ß-myrcene was also endowed with marked enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity from GR system as evidenced by the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and total glutathione in gastric tissue. Our results also shown that treatment with ß-myrcene is not involved with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity. Our results reveal, for the first time, the importance of ß-myrcene as an inhibitor of gastric and duodenal ulcers and demonstrate that an increase in the levels of gastric mucosa defence factors is involved in the anti-ulcer activity of ß-myrcene.

The gastroprotective effect of menthol: involvement of anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

The aim of this research was to investigate the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of menthol against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Wistar rats were orally treated with vehicle, carbenoxolone (100 mg/kg) or menthol (50 mg/kg) and then treated with ethanol to induce gastric ulcers. After euthanasia, stomach samples were prepared for histological slides and biochemical analyses. Immunohistochemical analyses of the cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) and the apoptotic Bax protein were performed. The neutrophils were manually counted. The activity of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured. To determine the level of antioxidant functions, the levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured using ELISA. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) were assessed using ELISA kits. The menthol treated group presented 92% gastroprotection compared to the vehicle-treated group. An increased immunolabeled area was observed for HSP-70, and a decreased immunolabeled area was observed for the Bax protein in the menthol treated group. Menthol treatment induced a decrease in the activity of MPO and SOD, and the protein levels of GSH, GSH-Px and GR were increased. There was also a decrease in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and an increase in the level of IL-10. In conclusion, oral treatment with menthol displayed a gastroprotective activity through anti-apoptotic, antixidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Occurrence of carcasses bruises of beef cattle transported by two distances / Ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of beef cattle carcasses bruises on transported by two distances and slaughtered in northern Mato Grosso State. In total, 624 male animals were evaluated 30 to 36 months come from varying distances to slaughterhouse, with 352 animals originating from within 200km and 272 animals above 200km. To review the injuries on carcasses, followed the criteria described by AUS -MEAT (2005), the lesions were classified according to their location in the carcass (forequarter, spare ribs and hindquarter). The relationship of lesions per group increased with greater distance of transport, being 43.75% and 95.58% of animals with carcass bruised, respectively, to less and more than 200km of trip. When analyzed the region of the hematoma, observed 7.6 e 17.6 carcass bruises in the forequarter regions (P = 0.035) and 30,6 e 101,0 in the hindquarter regions (P = 0.009) to near and longer distance, respectively. It is concluded that the transport distance to slaughter increases the number of carcass bruises, mainly, in the hindquarter.(AU)

O objetivo foi determinar a ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias e abatidos no norte do estado do Mato Grosso. Foram avaliados 624 bovinos machos de 30 a 36 meses oriundos de distâncias variadas até o frigorífico, sendo 352 animais oriundos de distâncias menores que 200km e 272 animais transportados por mais de 200km. Para avaliação dos hematomas nas carcaças, seguiu-se o critério descrito pela AUS-MEAT (2005), sendo as lesões classificadas de acordo com a sua localização na carcaça (traseiro, dianteiro ou costado). A relação de hematomas por grupo aumentou com a maior distância de transporte, sendo 43,75% e 95.58% de animais com hematomas para distâncias menores e maiores que 200 km, respectivamente. Quando analisada a região do hematoma, verificou-se 7,6 e 17,6 observações na região do dianteiro (P= 0,035) e 30,6 e 101,0 observações na região do traseiro (P=0,009) para distâncias menores e maiores que 200km, respectivamente. Portanto, a distância do transporte de bovinos até o abate teve influência sobre a quantidade de hematomas apresentados, principalmente na região do traseiro.(AU)

Ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of beef cattle carcasses bruises on transported by two distances and slaughtered in northern Mato Grosso State. In total, 624 male animals were evaluated 30 to 36 months come from varying distances to slaughterhouse, with 352 animals originating from within 200km and 272 animals above 200km. To review the injuries on carcasses, followed the criteria described by AUS -MEAT (2005), the lesions were classified according to their location in the carcass (forequarter, spare ribs and hindquarter). The relationship of lesions per group increased with greater distance of transport, being 43.75% and 95.58% of animals with carcass bruised, respectively, to less and more than 200km of trip. When analyzed the region of the hematoma, observed 7.6 e 17.6 carcass bruises in the forequarter regions (P = 0.035) and 30,6 e 101,0 in the hindquarter regions (P = 0.009) to near and longer distance, respectively. It is concluded that the transport distance to slaughter increases the number of carcass bruises, mainly, in the hindquarter.

O Objetivo foi determinar a ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias e abatidos no norte do estado do Mato Grosso. Foram avaliados 624 bovinos machos de 30 a 36 meses oriundos de distâncias variadas até o frigorífico, sendo 352 animais oriundos de distâncias menores que 200km e 272 animais transportados por mais de 200km. Para avaliação dos hematomas nas carcaças, seguiu-se o critério descrito pela AUS-MEAT (2005), sendo as lesões classificadas de acordo com a sua localização na carcaça (traseiro, dianteiro ou costado). A relação de hematomas por grupo aumentou com a maior distância de transporte, sendo 43,75% e 95.58% de animais com hematomas para distâncias menores e maiores que 200km, respectivamente. Quando analisada a região do hematoma, verificou-se 7,6 e 17,6 observações na região do dianteiro (P= 0,035) e 30,6 e 101,0 observações na região do traseiro (P=0,009) para distâncias menores e maiores que 200km, respectivamente. Portanto, a distância do transporte de bovinos até o abate teve influência sobre a quantidade de hematomas apresentados, principalmente na região do traseiro.

Occurrence of carcasses bruises of beef cattle transported by two distances / Ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of beef cattle carcasses bruises on transported by two distances and slaughtered in northern Mato Grosso State. In total, 624 male animals were evaluated 30 to 36 months come from varying distances to slaughterhouse, with 352 animals originating from within 200km and 272 animals above 200km. To review the injuries on carcasses, followed the criteria described by AUS -MEAT (2005), the lesions were classified according to their location in the carcass (forequarter, spare ribs and hindquarter). The relationship of lesions per group increased with greater distance of transport, being 43.75% and 95.58% of animals with carcass bruised, respectively, to less and more than 200km of trip. When analyzed the region of the hematoma, observed 7.6 e 17.6 carcass bruises in the forequarter regions (P = 0.035) and 30,6 e 101,0 in the hindquarter regions (P = 0.009) to near and longer distance, respectively. It is concluded that the transport distance to slaughter increases the number of carcass bruises, mainly, in the hindquarter.

O objetivo foi determinar a ocorrência de hematomas em carcaças de bovinos transportados por duas distâncias e abatidos no norte do estado do Mato Grosso. Foram avaliados 624 bovinos machos de 30 a 36 meses oriundos de distâncias variadas até o frigorífico, sendo 352 animais oriundos de distâncias menores que 200km e 272 animais transportados por mais de 200km. Para avaliação dos hematomas nas carcaças, seguiu-se o critério descrito pela AUS-MEAT (2005), sendo as lesões classificadas de acordo com a sua localização na carcaça (traseiro, dianteiro ou costado). A relação de hematomas por grupo aumentou com a maior distância de transporte, sendo 43,75% e 95.58% de animais com hematomas para distâncias menores e maiores que 200 km, respectivamente. Quando analisada a região do hematoma, verificou-se 7,6 e 17,6 observações na região do dianteiro (P= 0,035) e 30,6 e 101,0 observações na região do traseiro (P=0,009) para distâncias menores e maiores que 200km, respectivamente. Portanto, a distância do transporte de bovinos até o abate teve influência sobre a quantidade de hematomas apresentados, principalmente na região do traseiro.

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening.

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Applications of the hexanic fraction of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm (Asparagaceae): control of inflammation and pain screening

The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Agave sisalana Perrine in classic models of inflammation and pain. The hexanic fraction of A. sisalana (HFAS) was obtained by acid hydrolysis followed by hexanic reflux. Anti-inflammatory properties were examined in three acute mouse models (xylene ear oedema, hind paw oedema and pleurisy) and a chronic mouse model (granuloma cotton pellet). The antinociceptive potential was evaluated in chemical (acetic-acid) and thermal (tail-flick and hot-plate test) models of pain. When given orally, HFAS (5, 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced ear oedema (p < 0.0001; 52%, 71%, 62% and 42%, respectively). HFAS also reduced hind paw oedema at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (p < 0.05; 42% and 58%, respectively) and pleurisy at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg (41% and 50%, respectively). In a chronic model, HFAS reduced inflammation by 46% and 58% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this fraction showed analgesic properties against the abdominal writhing in an acetic acid model (at doses of 5-25 mg/kg) with inhibitory rates of 24%, 54% and 48%. The HFAS also showed an increased latency time in the hot-plate (23% and 28%) and tail-flick tests (61% and 66%) for the 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg doses, respectively. These results suggest that HFAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.