Pregnancy and postpartum experiences of women undergoing hemodialysis: a qualitative study / Experiências de gravidez e puerpério de mulheres em hemodiálise: um estudo qualitativo

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are particularities of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in women and their treatment. The biology of women exposes them to greater risk factors for CKD and both pregnancy and the postpartum period place an additional burden on renal health. Pregnancy complications may cause or worsen CKD. Objective: To explore the experiences of women with CKD undergoing hemodialysis in relation to their reproductive history. Methods: This study consisted of clinical-qualitative design with semi-structured individual interviews and open-ended questions. The sample selection was intentional and according to the theoretical saturation criterion. The data analysis was carried out based on the seven steps of the clinical-qualitative content analysis and validated by Nvivo11. This study was conducted in a public hemodialysis clinic of the Brazilian National Health System. Results: Twelve women undergoing hemodialysis were interviewed. The results from the analysis revealed three categories: 1) Association of pregnancy with CKD; 2) Nebulosity in relation to diagnosis and reproductive history 3) Being a woman undergoing hemodialysis. Conclusion: Our study showed the importance of considering the specificities of CKD in women, suggesting that these issues are important for diagnosis and treatment adherence. Consideration of reproductive life history allows the health of women undergoing hemodialysis to be promoted holistically, including aspects of mental health.

Resumo Introdução: Existem particularidades da doença renal crônica (DRC) em mulheres e seu tratamento. A biologia das mulheres as expõe a fatores de risco mais elevados para DRC e tanto a gravidez quanto o puerpério implicam um ônus adicional à saúde renal. Complicações na gestação podem causar ou piorar a DRC. Objetivo: Explorar as experiências de mulheres com DRC submetidas à hemodiálise em relação ao seu histórico reprodutivo. Métodos: Este estudo consistiu em desenho clínico-qualitativo com entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas e questões abertas. A seleção da amostra foi intencional e de acordo com o critério de saturação teórica. A análise de dados foi realizada com base nos sete passos da análise clínico-qualitativa de conteúdo e validada pelo Nvivo11. Este estudo foi realizado em uma clínica pública de hemodiálise do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 12 mulheres em hemodiálise. Os resultados da análise revelaram três categorias: 1) Associação da gravidez com DRC; 2) Nebulosidade em relação ao diagnóstico e à história reprodutiva; 3) Ser mulher e fazer hemodiálise. Conclusões: Nosso estudo mostrou a importância de considerar as especificidades da DRC em mulheres, sugerindo que estas questões são importantes para o diagnóstico e a adesão ao tratamento. A consideração do histórico de vida reprodutiva permite promover de forma holística a saúde das mulheres submetidas à hemodiálise, incluindo aspectos de saúde mental.

Pregnancy and postpartum experiences of women undergoing hemodialysis: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: There are particularities of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in women and their treatment. The biology of women exposes them to greater risk factors for CKD and both pregnancy and the postpartum period place an additional burden on renal health. Pregnancy complications may cause or worsen CKD. OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of women with CKD undergoing hemodialysis in relation to their reproductive history. METHODS: This study consisted of clinical-qualitative design with semi-structured individual interviews and open-ended questions. The sample selection was intentional and according to the theoretical saturation criterion. The data analysis was carried out based on the seven steps of the clinical-qualitative content analysis and validated by Nvivo11. This study was conducted in a public hemodialysis clinic of the Brazilian National Health System. RESULTS: Twelve women undergoing hemodialysis were interviewed. The results from the analysis revealed three categories: 1) Association of pregnancy with CKD; 2) Nebulosity in relation to diagnosis and reproductive history 3) Being a woman undergoing hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Our study showed the importance of considering the specificities of CKD in women, suggesting that these issues are important for diagnosis and treatment adherence. Consideration of reproductive life history allows the health of women undergoing hemodialysis to be promoted holistically, including aspects of mental health.

Non-pharmacological Interventions for Improving Sleep Quality During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / Intervenções não-farmacológicas para melhoria da qualidade do sono durante a gravidez: Uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions to improve sleep quality during pregnancy. Data sources A search was made in the NCBI/PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, BVS, and Web of Science databases. There were no limitations regarding language, sample size, and type of non-pharmacological intervention. We have included prospective clinical trials between July 2014 and July 2019. Selection of studies This study was registered in the Prospective International Registration of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database was performed. Publication bias was also assessed with funnel plots. the primary outcome was the total score in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after intervention. Risk of bias and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used for assessing methodological quality. From the 28 retrieved studies, we have selected 8 for qualitative analysis and 6 for meta-analysis. Data collection Two independent reviewers performed the study selection. In the case of disagreement, a third senior reviewer was consulted. The study was initially assessed based on the title, followed by abstract. Lastly, the full text was assessed to be included. Data Synthesis A significant improvement on the sleep quality (PSQI score) was observed when all interventions were grouped (MD = -3.03, 95%CI -4.15 to -1.92, n= 623, i2= 84%, p< 0.001). Analysis by subgroup (music listening: MD = -1.96, 95% CI -3.27 to -0.65, n= 207, i2= 67%, p= 0.003 and other interventions: MD = -3.66, 95% CI -4.93 to -2.40, n= 416, i2 = 80%, p< 0.001) showed an improvement, with high heterogeneity. Risk of bias has shown performance and detection bias for almost studies, and GRADE evidence was very low for all analyzed variables. Conclusion Non-pharmacological interventions—listening to music, physical exercise, relaxation exercises, lettuce seed, sleep hygiene, and acupressure—are effective for improving sleep quality during pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar o efeito de intervenções não-farmacológicas para melhorar a qualidade do sono durante a gravidez. Fontes dos dados Uma busca foi feita nas bases de dados NBCI/PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, BVS, e Web of Science. Não houve limitações quanto ao idioma, tamanho da amostra e tipo de intervenção não-farmacológica. Incluímos estudos clínicos prospectivos entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2019. Seleção dos estudos Foi realizado um registro no banco de dados Prospective International Registration of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). O viés de publicação foi avaliado com gráficos de funil. O desfecho primário foi a pontuação total do Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) antes e depois da intervenção. O risco de viés e os critérios Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) foram usados para avaliar a qualidade metodológica. Dos 28 estudos encontrados, selecionamos 8 para análise qualitativa e 6 para a metanálise. Coleta de dados Dois revisores independentes realizaram a seleção dos estudos. Em caso de discordância, um terceiro revisor foi consultado. Inicialmente o estudo foi avaliado com base no título e resumo. Para a inclusão, foi avaliado o texto completo. Síntese dos dados Uma melhora significativa na qualidade do sono (PSQI score) foi observada quando todas as intervenções foram agrupadas (MD = -3.03, 95% CI -4.15 a -1.92, n= 623, i2= 84%, p< 0.001). A análise por subgrupo (escutar música: MD = -1.96, 95% CI -3.27 a -0.65, n= 207, i2= 67%, p= 0.003 e outras intervenções: MD = -3.66, 95% CI -4.93 a -2.40, n= 416, i2 = 80%, p< 0.001) também mostrou uma melhora da qualidade do sono, porém com alta heterogeneidade. A análise do risco de viés mostrou que quase todos os estudos avaliados apresentaram viés de desempenho e detecção, e o nível de evidência GRADE foi muito baixo para todas as variáveis analisadas. Conclusão Intervenções não-farmacológicas - ouvir música, exercícios físicos, exercícios de relaxamento, sementes de alface, higiene do sono e acupressão - são eficazes para melhorar a qualidade do sono durante a gravidez.

Non-pharmacological Interventions for Improving Sleep Quality During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions to improve sleep quality during pregnancy. DATA SOURCES: A search was made in the NCBI/PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, BVS, and Web of Science databases. There were no limitations regarding language, sample size, and type of non-pharmacological intervention. We have included prospective clinical trials between July 2014 and July 2019. SELECTION OF STUDIES: This study was registered in the Prospective International Registration of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database was performed. Publication bias was also assessed with funnel plots. the primary outcome was the total score in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after intervention. Risk of bias and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used for assessing methodological quality. From the 28 retrieved studies, we have selected 8 for qualitative analysis and 6 for meta-analysis. DATA COLLECTION: Two independent reviewers performed the study selection. In the case of disagreement, a third senior reviewer was consulted. The study was initially assessed based on the title, followed by abstract. Lastly, the full text was assessed to be included. DATA SYNTHESIS: A significant improvement on the sleep quality (PSQI score) was observed when all interventions were grouped (MD = -3.03, 95%CI -4.15 to -1.92, n = 623, i2 = 84%, p < 0.001). Analysis by subgroup (music listening: MD = -1.96, 95% CI -3.27 to -0.65, n = 207, i2 = 67%, p = 0.003 and other interventions: MD = -3.66, 95% CI -4.93 to -2.40, n = 416, i2 = 80%, p < 0.001) showed an improvement, with high heterogeneity. Risk of bias has shown performance and detection bias for almost studies, and GRADE evidence was very low for all analyzed variables. CONCLUSION: Non-pharmacological interventions-listening to music, physical exercise, relaxation exercises, lettuce seed, sleep hygiene, and acupressure-are effective for improving sleep quality during pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito de intervenções não-farmacológicas para melhorar a qualidade do sono durante a gravidez. FONTES DOS DADOS: Uma busca foi feita nas bases de dados NBCI/PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, BVS, e Web of Science. Não houve limitações quanto ao idioma, tamanho da amostra e tipo de intervenção não-farmacológica. Incluímos estudos clínicos prospectivos entre julho de 2014 e julho de 2019. SELEçãO DOS ESTUDOS: Foi realizado um registro no banco de dados Prospective International Registration of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). O viés de publicação foi avaliado com gráficos de funil. O desfecho primário foi a pontuação total do Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) antes e depois da intervenção. O risco de viés e os critérios Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) foram usados para avaliar a qualidade metodológica. Dos 28 estudos encontrados, selecionamos 8 para análise qualitativa e 6 para a metanálise. COLETA DE DADOS: Dois revisores independentes realizaram a seleção dos estudos. Em caso de discordância, um terceiro revisor foi consultado. Inicialmente o estudo foi avaliado com base no título e resumo. Para a inclusão, foi avaliado o texto completo. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Uma melhora significativa na qualidade do sono (PSQI score) foi observada quando todas as intervenções foram agrupadas (MD = -3.03, 95% CI -4.15 a -1.92, n = 623, i2 = 84%, p < 0.001). A análise por subgrupo (escutar música: MD = -1.96, 95% CI -3.27 a -0.65, n = 207, i2 = 67%, p = 0.003 e outras intervenções: MD = -3.66, 95% CI -4.93 a -2.40, n = 416, i2 = 80%, p < 0.001) também mostrou uma melhora da qualidade do sono, porém com alta heterogeneidade. A análise do risco de viés mostrou que quase todos os estudos avaliados apresentaram viés de desempenho e detecção, e o nível de evidência GRADE foi muito baixo para todas as variáveis analisadas. CONCLUSãO: Intervenções não-farmacológicas - ouvir música, exercícios físicos, exercícios de relaxamento, sementes de alface, higiene do sono e acupressão - são eficazes para melhorar a qualidade do sono durante a gravidez.

Stigma, guilt and motherhood: Experiences of pregnant women with COVID-19 in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic raises health issues worldwide. Infected pregnant women may have negative mental health outcomes, but little is known about their emotional experiences. AIM: We aimed to understand the experience of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy, regarding their feelings, their relationships, and the influence of social media. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study among 22 women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy, from a tertiary hospital during the first wave of the pandemic in Brazil (May-August 2020). We applied semi-directed interviews, sociodemographic and health data sheets, and field diaries. We built the sample purposefully. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used thematic analysis and discussed data considering the health psychology framework. RESULTS: We created five categories following a timeline perspective, from before infection to the experience after recovering. Pregnant women were resistant to believing the diagnosis. They described a fear of serious symptoms or death, concerns about the fetus, sorrow from being isolated, and worries about stigma. Family relationships were ambiguous, generating either support or tension. The attachment to the health team through telemedicine or support during hospitalization produced a feeling of security. CONCLUSIONS: Participants psychologically denied the COVID-19 diagnosis and did not accomplish isolation properly, even upon medical recommendations. The illness may produce a traumatic experience, regardless of mild or severe symptoms, but family/friend support and contact with the health team helped them to cope. We offer important insights for the clinical approach and future research, emphasizing that infected pregnant women require emotional support.

Seven steps for qualitative treatment in health research: the Clinical-Qualitative Content Analysis.

Qualitative Health research procedures that are not always applied, mainly in the analysis phase. Our objective is to present a systematized technique of step-by-step procedures for qualitative content analysis in the health field: Clinical-Qualitative Content Analysis. Our proposal consider that the qualitative research applied to the field of health, can acquire a perspective analogous to clinical practice and aims to interpret meanings expressed in reports through individual interviews or statements. This analysis takes part of the Clinical-Qualitative Method. The literature review was realized through: a book chapter, eight original articles and three methodological articles. The Clinical-qualitative Content Analysis technique comprises seven steps: 1) Editing material for analysis; 2) Floating reading; 3) Construction of the units of analysis; 4) Construction of codes of meaning; 5) General refining of the codes and the Construction of categories; 6) Discussion; 7) Validity. The clinical-qualitative analysis presupposes and involves a critical reflection on the processes carried out at each step. This reflection is an extremely rich process, if carried out collectively and in dialogue with other researchers with some proficiency in qualitative methods.

Self-care and Health Care in Postpartum Women with Obesity: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of women with obesity regarding self-care and the care provided by their families and health team after childbirth. METHODS: A clinical qualitative study performed at the Postnatal Outpatient Clinic of Hospital da Mulher, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. The sample was selected using the saturation criteria, with 16 women with obesity up to 6 months after childbirth. RESULTS: The analysis comprised three categories: 1) postnatal self-care; 2) family support for woman after childbirth; and 3) postnatal health care service for women with obesity. CONCLUSION: Women with obesity need support from the health team and from their families after childbirth, when they are overwhelmed by the exhausting care for the newborn. The present study reveals how important it is for health care professionals to broaden their perception and care provided after childbirth for women with obesity so they may experience an improvement in their quality of health and of life.

OBJETIVO: Explorar as vivências de mulheres com obesidade sobre o autocuidado e os cuidados recebidos da família e da equipe de saúde após o parto. MéTODOS: Estudo clínico-qualitativo realizado no Ambulatório de Revisão Puerperal do Hospital da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil. A amostra foi selecionada de acordo com os critérios de saturação, com 16 mulheres com obesidade até 6 meses após o parto. RESULTADOS: A análise de conteúdo compreendeu três categorias: 1) autocuidado pós-natal; 2) apoio familiar para a mulher após o parto; e 3) atenção do serviço de saúde à mulher com obesidade no pós-parto. CONCLUSãO: As mulheres com obesidade necessitam de acolhimento e do apoio da equipe de saúde e de suas famílias após o parto, quando são absorvidas pelo cuidado exaustivo do recém-nascido. Este estudo revela o quão importante é para os profissionais de saúde ampliar sua percepção e cuidado após o parto às mulheres com obesidade para que estas possam melhorar sua qualidade de saúde e de vida.

Self-care and health care in postpartum women with obesity: A qualitative study / Autocuidado e atenção à saúde em puérperas com obesidade: Um estudo qualitativo

Abstract Objective To explore the experiences of women with obesity regarding self-care and the care provided by their families and health team after childbirth. Methods A clinical qualitative study performed at the Postnatal Outpatient Clinic of Hospital da Mulher, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. The sample was selected using the saturation criteria, with 16 women with obesity up to 6 months after childbirth. Results The analysis comprised three categories: 1) postnatal self-care; 2) family support for woman after childbirth; and 3) postnatal health care service for women with obesity. Conclusion Women with obesity need support from the health team and from their families after childbirth, when they are overwhelmed by the exhausting care for the newborn. The present study reveals how important it is for health care professionals to broaden their perception and care provided after childbirth for women with obesity so they may experience an improvement in their quality of health and of life.

Resumo Objetivo Explorar as vivências de mulheres com obesidade sobre o autocuidado e os cuidados recebidos da família e da equipe de saúde após o parto. Métodos Estudo clínico-qualitativo realizado no Ambulatório de Revisão Puerperal do Hospital da Mulher da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil. A amostra foi selecionada de acordo com os critérios de saturação, com 16 mulheres com obesidade até 6 meses após o parto. Resultados A análise de conteúdo compreendeu três categorias: 1) autocuidado pósnatal; 2) apoio familiar para a mulher após o parto; e 3) atenção do serviço de saúde à mulher com obesidade no pós-parto. Conclusão Asmulheres comobesidade necessitamde acolhimento e do apoio da equipe de saúde e de suas famílias após o parto, quando são absorvidas pelo cuidado exaustivo do recém-nascido. Este estudo revela o quão importante é para os profissionais de saúde ampliar sua percepção e cuidado após o parto às mulheres comobesidade para que estas possam melhorar sua qualidade de saúde e de vida.

Hazards of Repeat Pregnancy during Adolescence: A Case-control Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the social, obstetric and psychological risk factors related to repeat pregnancy in teenagers. METHODS: A case control study conducted at Centro de Atenção à Saúde Integral da Mulher (Caism, in the Portuguese acronym), in Campinas, Brazil, from 2015 to 2017. Three groups were selected: a case-group of adolescents who had repeat pregnancy and two control-groups, one consisting of adolescents who had delivered at first time and another one of adult women with more than one deliveries. Participants were asked about habits, socio-demographics characteristics, reproductive and obstetric history and assessed psychological issues. RESULTS: Ninety women were enrolled, 30 in each study group. Adolescents with repeat pregnancy have lower self-esteem scores and more ineffective contraceptive use. When compared with teens at first delivery, they had less schooling level (odds ratio [OR] 4.03 [1.37-11.8]), more school abandon (OR 8.16 [2.36-28.2]) and drugs use (OR 4.97[1.39-17.8]). Non-white skin color (OR 6.2 [1.15-41.0]), drugs use (OR 17.5 [2.62-116.6]) and first sexual intercourse under 15y (OR 18.0[2.82-115.0]) were found as higher risk factors for repeat pregnancy when comparing adolescents and adults. Moreover, adolescents with more than one gestation had lower self-esteem and greater susceptibility to unplanned pregnancy. CONCLUSION: There was an association between repeat pregnancy among adolescents and lower education, early onset of sexual activity, non-white skin color, low use of contraception and increased use of drugs.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre fatores de risco sociais, obstétricos e psicológicos relacionados a repetição da gravidez em adolescentes. MéTODOS: Estudo caso-controle realizado num Hospital Universitário de Campinas, Brasil, de 2015 a 2017. Foram selecionados três grupos: um grupo-caso de adolescentes com repetição de gravidez, e dois grupos controles, um de adolescentes primíparas e outro de mulheres adultas com mais de um parto. Foram coletados dados referentes a aspectos sociodemográficos, história reprodutiva e obstétrica e fatores psicológicos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 90 mulheres, 30 em cada grupo de estudo. Adolescentes com repetição de gravidez apresentaram menor autoestima e mais uso inadequado de contraceptivos. Quando comparadas a adolescentes primíparas, tiveram menor nível escolar (razão de probabilidades [RP] 4.03 [1.37­11.8]), maior interrupção dos estudos (RP 16.3 [3.61­73.6]) e maior uso de drogas (RP 4.97[1.39­17.8]). A comparação entre adolescentes com repetição de gestação e mulheres adultas revelou maior risco para cor da pele não-branca (RP 6.2 [1.15­41.0]), uso de drogas (RP 17.5 [2.62­116.6]) e primeira relação sexual com menos de 15 anos 15y (RP 18.0 [2.82­115.0]). Além disso, as adolescentes com segunda gravidez apresentam menor autoestima, baixo uso de contracepção e maior suscetibilidade a gravidez não planejada. CONCLUSãO: Houve associação entre repetição de gravidez na adolescência e menor tempo de estudo, início precoce de atividade sexual, cor da pele não branca e maior uso de drogas.

Hazards of repeat pregnancy during adolescence: A case-control study / Riscos da repetição da gestação na adolescência: um estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Objective To evaluate the social, obstetric and psychological risk factors related to repeat pregnancy in teenagers. Methods A case control study conducted at Centro de Atenção à Saúde Integral da Mulher (Caism, in the Portuguese acronym), in Campinas, Brazil, from 2015 to 2017. Three groups were selected: a case-group of adolescents who had repeat pregnancy and two control-groups, one consisting of adolescents who had delivered at first time and another one of adult women with more than one deliveries. Participants were asked about habits, socio-demographics characteristics, reproductive and obstetric history and assessed psychological issues. Results Ninety women were enrolled, 30 in each study group. Adolescents with repeat pregnancy have lower self-esteem scores and more ineffective contraceptive use. When compared with teens at first delivery, they had less schooling level (odds ratio [OR] 4.03 [1.37-11.8]), more school abandon (OR 8.16 [2.36-28.2]) and drugs use (OR 4.97[1.39-17.8]). Non-white skin color (OR 6.2 [1.15-41.0]), drugs use (OR 17.5 [2.62-116.6]) and first sexual intercourse under 15y (OR 18.0[2.82-115.0]) were found as higher risk factors for repeat pregnancy when comparing adolescents and adults.Moreover, adolescents withmore than one gestation had lower self-esteem and greater susceptibility to unplanned pregnancy. Conclusion There was an association between repeat pregnancy among adolescents and lower education, early onset of sexual activity, non-white skin color, low use of contraception and increased use of drugs.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre fatores de risco sociais, obstétricos e psicológicos relacionados a repetição da gravidez em adolescentes. Métodos Estudo caso-controle realizado num Hospital Universitário de Campinas, Brasil, de 2015 a 2017. Foram selecionados três grupos: um grupo-caso de adolescentes com repetição de gravidez, e dois grupos controles, umde adolescentes primíparas e outro demulheres adultas com mais de umparto. Foram coletados dados referentes a aspectos sociodemográficos, história reprodutiva e obstétrica e fatores psicológicos. Resultados Foram incluídas 90 mulheres, 30 em cada grupo de estudo. Adolescentes comrepetição de gravidez apresentaram menor autoestima e mais uso inadequado de contraceptivos. Quando comparadas a adolescentes primíparas, tiveram menor nível escolar (razão de probabilidades [RP] 4.03 [1.37-11.8]), maior interrupção dos estudos (RP 16.3 [3.61-73.6]) e maior uso de drogas (RP 4.97[1.39-17.8]). A comparação entre adolescentes com repetição de gestação e mulheres adultas revelou maior risco para cor da pele não-branca (RP 6.2 [1.15-41.0]), uso de drogas (RP 17.5 [2.62-116.6]) e primeira relação sexual com menos de 15 anos 15y (RP 18.0 [2.82-115.0]). Além disso, as adolescentes com segunda gravidez apresentam menor autoestima, baixo uso de contracepção e maior suscetibilidade a gravidez não planejada. Conclusão Houve associação entre repetição de gravidez na adolescência e menor tempo de estudo, início precoce de atividade sexual, cor da pele não branca e maior uso de drogas.

Eating Behaviors in Postpartum: A Qualitative Study of Women with Obesity.

In postpartum, women experience major changes in their lives; they are forced to deal with new internal and external demands for attention and care for themselves and the baby. Postpartum feeding also suffers changes in this stage of life, because women find more barriers to healthy eating, which can put them at greater risk of overweight or obesity. This is a qualitative study, through in-depth semi-directed interviews in an intentional sample with postpartum women with obesity, closed by saturation and qualitative content analysis. Sixteen women were included. Three categories emerged from this analysis: (1) from pregnancy to postpartum: changes in body and eating behavior; (2) eating to fill the void of helplessness felt during the postpartum period; and (3) breastfeeding and baby feeding. Women with obesity eat to relieve unpleasant feelings during the postnatal period. The postpartum period is an opportune moment to introduce long-term changes in the eating behaviors and mental wellbeing of these women. Healthcare teams need to restructure to provide more focused follow-up care for women with obesity during the postnatal period in terms of their physical and emotional health.

Psychological issues facing obese pregnant women: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, by qualitative and quantitative studies, the psychological aspects considered and/or evaluated during the prenatal care of obese pregnant women, as well as the psychological interventions adopted by health services. METHODS: Systematic review of literature using a mixed method approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative studies. We used databases (Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and SciELO) and publications from January 2003 to June 2013 using "Obesity," "Pregnancy," "Psy,*" or "Psychology" as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms). Prospective cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, clinical trial, and qualitative research studies were included. Eight articles are included in this review, three with qualitative and five with quantitative methodology. RESULTS: The majority of the studies demonstrate that emotional problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress are associated with the raising of Body Mass Index (BMI) during pregnancy. The results of the qualitative studies show psychological distress related to humiliation and exposure to stigmas surrounding obesity and its connection with gestation. CONCLUSION: There is an emotional demand related to obesity during pregnancy, which should be considered by prenatal multidisciplinary care team. There is a need to increasing attention and support provided for obese pregnant women.

Emotional Experiences of Obese Women with Adequate Gestational Weight Variation: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: As a result of the growth of the obese population, the number of obese women of fertile age has increased in the last few years. Obesity in pregnancy is related to greater levels of anxiety, depression and physical harm. However, pregnancy is an opportune moment for the intervention of health care professionals to address obesity. The objective of this study was to describe how obese pregnant women emotionally experience success in adequate weight control. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using a qualitative design that seeks to understand content in the field of health, the sample of subjects was deliberated, with thirteen obese pregnant women selected to participate in an individual interview. Data was analysed by inductive content analysis and includes complete transcription of the interviews, re-readings using suspended attention, categorization in discussion topics and the qualitative and inductive analysis of the content. The analysis revealed four categories, three of which show the trajectory of body care that obese women experience during pregnancy: 1) The obese pregnant woman starts to think about her body;2) The challenge of the diet for the obese pregnant woman; 3) The relation of the obese pregnant woman with the team of antenatal professionals. The fourth category reveals the origin of the motivation for the change: 4) The potentializing factors for change: the motivation of the obese woman while pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy, obese women are more in touch with themselves and with their emotional conflicts. Through the transformations of their bodies, women can start a more refined self-care process and experience of the body-mind unit. The fear for their own and their baby's life, due to the risks posed by obesity, appears to be a great potentializing factor for change. The relationship with the professionals of the health care team plays an important role in the motivational support of the obese pregnant woman.