Assessment of DNA damage induced by endosulfan in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, 1844).

Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide, which is commonly used throughout the world. It accumulates in the environment and may cause significant damage to the ecosystems, particularly to the aquatic environments. The present study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxic effect of endosulfan on the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) blood. The fish were exposed to three different concentrations, 0.75 ppb/day, 1.0 ppb/day, and 1.5ppb/day of endosulfan for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The study was a randomized control trial and the control group was not exposed to endosulfan. The results showed that after 7 days, the level of DNA damage in all the concentrations was significant (P < 0.05), while after 14, 21, and 28 days' trials, highly significant (P < 0.000) level of DNA damage was observed. Hence, time- and dose-dependent DNA damage was observed in fish DNA by comet assay. It is concluded from our results that with the increase in endosulfan concentration and exposure duration, the level of DNA damage also increased. As the current study showed the severe genotoxic effect of endosulfan in Ctenopharyngodon idella, therefore, the imprudent and indiscriminate use of endosulfan should be controlled and monitored by the concerned government authorities.

Scalp Hair Metal Analysis Concerning DNA Damage in Welders of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Welding is used throughout the world in refineries, thermal power plants, chemical facilities, and pressurized containers, and the welders are exposed to toxic heavy metals, electromagnetic fields, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and ultraviolet radiations. In the present study, 59 welders and an equal number of control subjects were assessed for DNA damage in the lymphocytes using the comet assay. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and cadmium (Cd) levels in the scalp hair of the subjects were evaluated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results of the current study showed that DNA damage in the lymphocytes of welders (121.8 ± 10.7) was significantly higher as compared with controls (56.5 ± 17.6) (P < 0.001). Besides, the levels of Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Cd were remarkably higher in the scalp hair of workers as compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed a prominent association between the heavy metals and total comet score (TCS) in the exposed subjects. Age and duration of occupational exposure had significant effects (P < 0.05) on TCS values. Our results concluded that occupational exposure to welding fumes may cause DNA damage and can lead to important health hazards in the workers.

Biomonitoring of DNA Damage in Photocopiers' Workers From Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to know about the extent of occupational DNA damage in photocopiers' workers. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 136 exposed group and 74 control group. Comet assay was performed to assess the DNA damage caused by emissions from photocopiers. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in DNA damage in persons working in photocopiers (122.1 ±â€Š60.7) than the controls (56.6 ±â€Š17.2). Duration of occupational exposure had positive correlation (r = 0.793, P < 0.001) with DNA damage. Age had significant effects on the total comet score (TCS) of the exposed group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these findings indicate significant genotoxicity in photocopiers' workers.

DNA damage analysis concerning GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism in gold jewellery workers from Peshawar Pakistan.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the genotoxic effects of gold jewellery fumes and its association with GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 94 subjects including 54 gold jewellery workers and 40 controls. The DNA damage was evaluated by alkaline comet assay and genotyping by PCR. RESULTS: The mean total comet score (TCS) in gold jewellery workers was significantly higher as compared to the control subjects (128.0 ± 60.6 versus 47.7 ± 21.4; p = 0.0001). Duration of occupational exposure had positive correlation (r = 0.453, p < 0.01) with DNA damage. Age and tobacco use had significant effects on the TCS of the exposed group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The frequency of the GSTM1-null genotype in the exposed group was significant (p = 0.004) as compared to the control group. No significant association (p > 0.05) between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and DNA damage was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is increased DNA damage in gold jewellery workers due to their occupational surroundings. Hence there is a strong need to educate the workers about the adverse health effects of potentially hazardous chemicals and highlight the importance of using protective measures.

Polymorphism in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes influence DNA damage in personnel occupationally exposed to volatile anaesthetics (VA), from Peshawar, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the influence of antioxidant gene GSTM1 and GSTT1 on DNA damage in personnel occupationally exposed to volatile anaesthetics (VA). METHODS: The study groups were composed of 50 exposed subjects (anaesthesia workers) and 49 controls. Blood samples were collected from both subjects. DNA damage was analysed through the comet assay technique. Biomarker genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 were inspected through PCR technique for polymorphism. RESULTS: The comet assay technique showed that the Total Comet Score (TCS) in exposed subjects was significantly higher (p=0.0001) than the control. Age and smoking had significant effects on TCS in the study groups (p<0.05). Duration of occupational exposure had significant positive correlation (r=0.755, p<0.001) with DNA damage. The null polymorphism in GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene showed a significant effect (p<0.001 and p<0.000) on the DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphism in GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene significantly damage DNA in personnel occupationally exposed to VA.