Design and implementation of multicenter pediatric and congenital studies with cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Big data in smaller bodies.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become the reference standard for quantitative and qualitative assessment of ventricular function, blood flow, and myocardial tissue characterization. There is a preponderance of large CMR studies and registries in adults; However, similarly powered studies are lacking for the pediatric and congenital heart disease (PCHD) population. To date, most CMR studies in children are limited to small single or multicenter studies, thereby limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. Within the PCHD CMR community, a collaborative effort has been successfully employed to recognize knowledge gaps with the aim to embolden the development and initiation of high-quality, large-scale multicenter research. In this publication, we highlight the underlying challenges and provide a practical guide toward the development of larger, multicenter initiatives focusing on PCHD populations, which can serve as a model for future multicenter efforts.

Trends in cardiac CT utilization for patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease: A multicenter survey study.

BACKGROUND: The use of cardiac CT (CCT) has increased dramatically in recent years among patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD), but little is known about trends and practice pattern variation in CCT utilization for this population among centers. METHODS: A 21-item survey was created to assess CCT utilization in the pediatric/CHD population in calendar years 2011 and 2021. The survey was sent to all non-invasive cardiac imaging directors of pediatric cardiology centers in North America in September 2022. RESULTS: Forty-one centers completed the survey. In 2021, 98% of centers performed CCT in pediatric and CHD patients (vs. 73% in 2011), and 61% of centers performed >100 CCTs annually (vs. 5% in 2011). While 62% of centers in 2021 utilized dual-source technology for high-pitch helical acquisition, 15% of centers reported primarily performing CCT on a 64-slice scanner. Anesthesia utilization, use of medications for heart rate control, and type of subspecialty training for physicians interpreting CCT varied widely among centers. 50% of centers reported barriers to CCT performance, with the most commonly cited concerns being radiation exposure, the need for anesthesia, and limited CT scan staffing or machine access. 37% (11/30) of centers with a pediatric cardiology fellowship program offer no clinical or didactic CCT training for categorical fellows. CONCLUSION: While CCT usage in the CHD/pediatric population has risen significantly in the past decade, there is broad center variability in CCT acquisition techniques, staffing, workflow, and utilization. Potential areas for improvement include expanding CT scanner access and staffing, formal CCT education for pediatric cardiology fellows, and increasing utilization of existing technological advances.

Challenges and opportunities for early career medical professionals in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging: a white paper from the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

The early career professionals in the field of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) face unique challenges and hurdles while establishing their careers in the field. The Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) has expanded the role of the early career section within the society to foster the careers of future CMR leaders. This paper aims to describe the obstacles and available opportunities for the early career CMR professionals worldwide. Societal opportunities and actions targeted at the professional advancement of the early career CMR imagers are needed to ensure continuous growth of CMR as an imaging modality globally.

Management of Adults With Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Arteries: State-of-the-Art Review.

As a result of increasing adoption of imaging screening, the number of adult patients with a diagnosis of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries (AAOCA) has grown in recent years. Existing guidelines provide a framework for management and treatment, but patients with AAOCA present with a wide range of anomalies and symptoms that make general recommendations of limited applicability. In particular, a large spectrum of interventions can be used for treatment, and there is no consensus on the optimal approach to be used. In this paper, a multidisciplinary group of clinical and interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons performed a systematic review and critical evaluation of the available evidence on the interventional treatment of AAOCA in adult patients. Using a structured Delphi process, the group agreed on expert recommendations that are intended to complement existing clinical practice guidelines.

Management of Adults With Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Arteries: State-of-the-Art Review.

As a result of increasing adoption of imaging screening, the number of adult patients with a diagnosis of anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries (AAOCA) has grown in recent years. Existing guidelines provide a framework for management and treatment, but patients with AAOCA present with a wide range of anomalies and symptoms that make general recommendations of limited applicability. In particular, a large spectrum of interventions can be used for treatment, and there is no consensus on the optimal approach to be used. In this paper, a multidisciplinary group of clinical and interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons performed a systematic review and critical evaluation of the available evidence on the interventional treatment of AAOCA in adult patients. Using a structured Delphi process, the group agreed on expert recommendations that are intended to complement existing clinical practice guidelines.

Development of a Model to Identify Febrile Children at Low Risk for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The case definition for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is broad and encompasses symptoms and signs commonly seen in children with fever. Our aim was to identify clinical predictors that, independently or in combination, identify febrile children presenting to the emergency department (ED) as low risk for MIS-C. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study of otherwise healthy children 2 months to 20 years of age presenting to the ED with fever and who had a laboratory evaluation for MIS-C between April 15, 2020, and October 31, 2020. We excluded children with a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Our outcome was an MIS-C diagnosis defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify variables independently associated with MIS-C. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with and 128 patients without MIS-C were analyzed. Of those with MIS-C, 16 of 33 (48.5%) had hypotension for age, signs of hypoperfusion, or required ionotropic support. Four variables were independently associated with the presence of MIS-C; known or suspected SARS CoV-2 exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-11.9) and the following 3 symptoms and signs: abdominal pain on history (aOR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.7-15.0), conjunctival injection (aOR, 15.2; 95% CI, 5.4-48.1), and rash involving the palms or soles (aOR, 12.2; 95% CI, 2.4-69.4). Children were at low risk of MIS-C if none of the 3 symptoms or signs were present (sensitivity 87.9% [95% CI, 71.8-96.6]; specificity 62.5% [53.5-70.9], negative predictive value 95.2% [88.3-98.7]). Of the 4 MIS-C patients without any of these 3 factors, 2 were ill-appearing in the ED and the other 2 had no cardiovascular involvement during their clinical course. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of 3 clinical symptoms and signs had moderate to high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for identifying febrile children at low risk of MIS-C. If validated, these factors could aid clinicians in determining the need to obtain or forego an MIS-C laboratory evaluation during SARS-CoV-2 prevalent periods in febrile children.

3D-Printed Cardiac Models for Fetal Counseling: A Pilot Study and Novel Approach to Improve Communication.

A fetal cardiology consultation involves using two-dimensional drawings to explain the cardiac anatomy which can result in inherent variation in how the congenital heart disease (CHD) is conveyed. In this pilot study, we incorporated three-dimensional printed (3DP) models into fetal counseling to demonstrate feasibility and evaluate the impact on parental knowledge, understanding, and anxiety. Parents with a prenatal diagnosis of a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or coarctation of aorta were enrolled. Providers were randomized into a Model or Drawing Group and crossed after six months. Parents completed a survey after the consultation which evaluated knowledge of the CHD lesion, expectant surgical management, self-rated understanding, attitude towards the visualization tool, and anxiety. Twenty-nine patients enrolled over a 12 month period. Twelve consultations were done for coarctation of aorta, 13 for VSD, and four for coarctation with a VSD. Both Model and Drawing groups scored similarly in self-reported understanding and confidence, helpfulness of and improvement in communication with the visualization tool. The Model group had higher scores on questions related to the CHD anatomy and surgical intervention [5 [4-5] versus 4 [3.5-5]], p = 0.23 although this didn't reach statistical significance. For the majority (83%) of consultations, the cardiologist agreed that the 3D model improved communication. In this pilot study, we demonstrate the use of 3DP cardiac models during prenatal CHD counseling is feasible and produces results related to parental understanding and knowledge that are equal to and possibly better than the current standard of care.

The journal of cardiovascular computed tomography: A year in review: 2022.

This review aims to summarize key articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (JCCT) in 2022, focusing on those that had the most scientific and educational impact. The JCCT continues to expand; the number of submissions, published manuscripts, cited articles, article downloads, social media presence, and impact factor continues to grow. The articles selected by the Editorial Board of the JCCT in this review highlight the role of cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) to detect subclinical atherosclerosis, assess the functional relevance of stenoses, and plan invasive coronary and valve procedures. A section is dedicated to CCT in infants and other patients with congenital heart disease, in women, and to the importance of training in CT. In addition, we highlight key consensus documents and guidelines published in JCCT last year. The Journal values the tremendous work by authors, reviewers, and editors to accomplish these contributions.

Ventricular function and tissue characterization by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging following hospitalization for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe life-threatening manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that often presents with acute cardiac dysfunction and cardiogenic shock. While recovery from acute illness is excellent, the long-term myocardial impact is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiac MRI findings in children 6-9 months after their hospitalization with MIS-C against MRI findings in healthy controls to assess for residual myocardial disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively performed cardiac MRI on 13 children 6-9 months following their hospitalization with MIS-C: eight of these children had a history of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%, persistent symptoms, or electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and underwent clinical MRI; five of these children without cardiac abnormalities during their hospitalization underwent research MRIs. We compared their native T1 and T2 mapping values with those of 20 normal controls. RESULTS: Cardiac MRI was performed at 13.6 years of age (interquartile range [IQR] 11.9-16.4 years) and 8.2 months (IQR 6.8-9.6 months) following hospitalization. Twelve children displayed normal ejection fraction: left ventricle (LV) 57.2%, IQR 56.1-58.4; right ventricle (RV) 53.1%, IQR 52.0-55.7. One had low-normal LVEF (52%). They had normal extracellular volume (ECV) and normal T2 and native T1 times compared to controls. There was no qualitative evidence of edema. One child had late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with normal ejection fraction, no edema, and normal T1 and T2 times. When stratifying children who had MIS-C according to history of LVEF <55% on echocardiography, there was no difference in MRI values. CONCLUSION: Although many children with MIS-C present acutely with cardiac dysfunction, residual myocardial damage 6-9 months afterward appears minimal. Long-term implications warrant further study.

Cardiovascular computed tomography in pediatric congenital heart disease: A state of the art review.

Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) has increasingly been used in the assessment of both children and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), in part due to advances in CCT technology and an increased prevalence of adults with palliated CHD. It serves as a complimentary modality to echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac catheterization. CCT can provide unique diagnostic information, is less invasive and less likely to require sedation compared to other modalities. Detailed knowledge of individual patient cardiac anatomy, physiology, surgical repair and possible residual lesions are paramount to optimal CCT imaging. This comprehensive review details the use of CCT both pre- and postoperatively for the most common CHD diagnoses. We also aim to highlight some new and innovative technologies that have become available and can further optimize CCT imaging for CHD patients.

Longitudinal Outcomes and Monitoring of Patients With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

The acute manifestations and short-term outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) have been extensively described; however, our understanding of the longitudinal outcomes associated with this condition continue to evolve. Here we review the existing literature on outcomes of MIS-C up to 1 year following diagnosis and summarize current published expert recommendations for management and follow up of these patients.

The Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography: A year in review 2021.

This review aims to summarize original articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (JCCT) for the year 2021, focusing on those that had the most scientific and educational impact. The JCCT continues to expand; the number of submissions, published manuscripts, cited articles, article downloads, social media presence, and impact factor continues to increase. The articles selected by the Editorial Board of the JCCT in this review focus on coronary artery disease, coronary physiology, structural heart disease, and technical advances in cardiovascular CT. In addition, we highlight key consensus documents and guidelines published in the Journal in 2021. The Journal recognizes the tremendous work done by each author and reviewer this year - thank you.

Application of 3D Printing Technology in Heart Failure.

Advanced imaging is often used to supplement clinical information in guiding management for patients with heart failure. 3 dimensional (3D) imaging datasets allow for a better understanding of the relevant cardiac spatial anatomic relationships. 3D printing technology takes this one step further and allows for the creation of patient-specific physical cardiac models. In this review, we summarize some of the recent innovative applications of this technique to patients with heart failure from different etiologies, to provide more patient-directed care.

Ventricular Function and Tissue Characterization By Cardiac MRI in Children Following Hospitalization for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): A Prospective Study.

Background Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a severe life-threatening manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acute cardiac dysfunction and resultant cardiogenic shock are common in children with MIS-C. While most children recover rapidly from acute illness, the long-term impact on the myocardium and cardiac function is unknown. Methods In this prospective study, cardiac MRI (CMR) was performed on patients <21 years of age with a history of MIS-C, 6-9 months following hospitalization. Per institutional protocol, patients with any history of LVEF<50%, persistent cardiorespiratory symptoms, or ECG abnormalities underwent clinical CMR. Research CMRs were offered to all others >10 years old. Native T1 and T2 mapping values were compared with 20 children with normal CMR examinations. Results We performed CMRs on 13 subjects at a median age of 13.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 11.9-16.0) and a median time from hospitalization of 8.2 months (IQR 6.8-9.6). Twelve subjects displayed normal ventricular function with a median left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) of 57.2% (IQR 56.1-58.4) and median right ventricular (RV) EF of 53.1% (IQR 52.0-55.7). One subject had low normal EF (52%). There was normal T2 and native T1 as compared to normal controls. There was qualitatively no evidence of edema by T2 weighted imaging. One subject had late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at the inferior insertion point and mid-ventricular inferolateral region, with normal EF, no evidence of edema or perfusion defects, and normal T1 and T2 times. When stratifying by a history of abnormal LVEF (LVEF <55%) on echocardiography, there was no difference in or parametric mapping values, though LVEF and LVEDV approached significance (p=0.06 and 0.05, respectively). Conclusions Although many children with MIS-C present acutely with cardiac dysfunction, myocardial recovery is overall excellent with minimal to no evidence of residual cardiac dysfunction or myocardial involvement. LVEF by CMR at 6-9 months among children with history of echocardiographic LV dysfunction is slightly lower, though does not meet statistical significance and is still within normal range. The long-term functional implications of this finding and the cardiac implications of MIS-C more broadly are unclear and warrant further study.

Longitudinal Outcomes for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

BACKGROUND: In spring 2020, a novel hyperinflammatory process associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was described. The long-term impact remains unknown. We report longitudinal outcomes from a New York interdisciplinary follow-up program. METHODS: All children <21 years of age, admitted to NewYork-Presbyterian with MIS-C in 2020, were included. Children were followed at 1 to 4 weeks, 1 to 4 months, and 4 to 9 months postdischarge. RESULTS: In total, 45 children were admitted with MIS-C. The median time to last follow-up was 5.8 months (interquartile range 1.3-6.7). Of those admitted, 76% required intensive care and 64% required vasopressors and/or inotropes. On admission, patients exhibited significant nonspecific inflammation, generalized lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Soluble interleukin (IL) IL-2R, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 were elevated. A total of 80% (n = 36) had at least mild and 44% (n = 20) had moderate-severe echocardiographic abnormalities including coronary abnormalities (9% had a z score of 2-2.5; 7% had a z score > 2.5). Whereas most inflammatory markers normalized by 1 to 4 weeks, 32% (n = 11 of 34) exhibited persistent lymphocytosis, with increased double-negative T cells in 96% of assessed patients (n = 23 of 24). By 1 to 4 weeks, only 18% (n = 7 of 39) had mild echocardiographic findings; all had normal coronaries. At 1 to 4 months, the proportion of double-negative T cells remained elevated in 92% (median 9%). At 4 to 9 months, only 1 child had persistent mild dysfunction. One had mild mitral and/or tricuspid regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of children with MIS-C present critically ill, most inflammatory and cardiac manifestations in our cohort resolved rapidly.

Assessment of Anomalous Coronary Arteries by Imagers and Surgeons: Comparison of Imaging Modalities.

BACKGROUND: Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) is associated with sudden cardiac death. High-risk characteristics are most commonly assessed using a 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiogram (echo) or cardiac computed tomography (CT). We hypothesize that these characteristics will be more accurately assessed when they are presented in the form of a 3D digital model. METHODS: Fourteen participants, including cardiothoracic surgeons and cardiac imaging specialists, assessed image representations, including echo, CT images, and a 3D digital model, from 6 patients who had undergone AAOCA repair. Accuracy of assessment was evaluated by comparing responses with operative findings (the gold standard). RESULTS: The reported type of AAOCA was most accurately assessed on CT (100%) and 3D models (92.31%) compared with echo (80.77%). The accuracy of the AAOCA course was highest on CT (91.03%), followed by the 3D model (80.77%), and lowest on echo (61.54%). The accuracy of intramurality was low across all imaging modalities (17.95% echo, 29.49% CT, and 21.79% 3D model). Accurate assessment of a separate AAOCA ostium was highest on 3D models (97.40%). Ostial stenosis was more accurately assessed on 3D models (56.41%). When accuracy was separated by subspecialty, CT and 3D models were more accurately assessed by all participants regardless of training. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac imagers and congenital cardiothoracic surgeons most accurately assessed AAOCA presence, type, and course on cardiac CT and 3D models. 3D models were superior in representation of ostial characteristics. CT and 3D models are overall more accurately assessed by specialists regardless of training.

Performing an urgent neonatal cardiac intervention safely during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The current pandemic has driven the medical community to adapt quickly to unprecedented challenges. Among these challenges is the need to minimize staff exposure to COVID-19 during neonatal cardiac procedures. In this report, we describe measures we have taken to protect health care workers while ensuring successful outcomes. These measures include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, physical distancing, designating separate delivery and transport teams, and limiting the number of providers in direct contact with any patient who is infected or whose infection status is unknown. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1.To understand specific challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with congenital heart disease needing urgent neonatal intervention.2.To recognize measures that can be taken to minimize health care workers' exposures to the virus during high-risk neonatal cardiac procedures.3.To review the management of neonates with d-transposition of the great arteries and inadequate mixing.

Orthotopic heart transplantation and concomitant aortic arch replacement in an adult Fontan patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Heart failure and neoaortic dilation are common long-term complications in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after single-ventricle palliation. Orthotopic heart transplantation and concomitant transverse aortic arch replacement can be performed safely and effectively. The addition of preoperative three-dimensional modelling can supplement operative planning, facilitate intraoperative execution, and optimize clinical outcomes.