A prospective comparative study of blended and pure coagulation current in endoscopic mucosal resection of large sessile colorectal polyps.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare pure coagulation and blended current in the resection of large colorectal sessile polyps (SPs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2009 and June 2012, 84 patients (45 men, 39 women; median age 66 y; range, 42 to 88 y) with large colorectal SPs (diameter ≥2 cm) were randomized in 1:1 ratio to undergo treatment by the "lift and cut" piecemeal resection technique. A total of 43 blended current subjects (group A) were well matched to 41 pure coagulation current subjects (group B), with a median lesion size of 3.9 cm (group A, 3.7 vs. group B, 4.2 cm; P=0.316), respectively. The rate of complications, the factors that predict complications, and the recurrence of adenoma were analyzed. RESULTS: Complete macroscopic resection was achieved in 39 patients (90.7%) of group A and in 36 patients (87.6%) of group B (P=0.735). Argon plasma coagulation at resection's margins was performed in 10 patients (23.2%) of group A and in 14 patients (34.1%) of group B (P=0.269). Eight patients (9.5%) [group A, n=3 patients (7.1%) vs. group B, n=5 patients (12%); P=0.756] developed immediate (4) or delayed (4) bleeding. Four patients with bleeding were under treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. All bleedings were successfully treated conservatively or with endoclipping and heater probe application. Perforation occurred in 1 patient of each group and was managed by clips closure and antibiotics and right hemicolectomy, respectively. Postpolypectomy syndrome was observed in 2 patients (4.6%) of group A and 3 patients (7.3%) of group B (P=0.834). In 3 patients, the histopathologic analysis of resected SPs revealed invasive carcinoma, and surgical resection was performed in 1 patient. Two patients refused operation. Among the patients who underwent follow-up surveillance colonoscopy, a total recurrence rate of 25.67% of adenomas with no difference was observed between the 2 groups [group A, n=8 patients (21.6%) vs. group B, n=11 patients (31.4%); P=0.345]. Recurrence of adenoma was observed in 12 patients (16.22%) without and in 7 patients (9.46%) with argon plasma coagulation treatment. CONCLUSIONS: No difference was found in the rate of complications between the 2 types of current used in the resection of large colorectal SPs. However, an influence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on postpolypectomy bleeding was observed, which deserves further investigation.

Predictive factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a large-scale single expertized endoscopist study.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatitis remains the most common and feared complication of therapeutic endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) associated with substantial morbidity. The patient-related and procedure-related independent risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in a large case volume by a single experienced endoscopist have been investigated only by few studies. The aim of the study was to investigate patient-related and procedure-related risk factors for PEP collected by a defined protocol on patients who underwent therapeutic ERCP in a single endoscopic unit during the last 8 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our retrospective cohort study included a total of 2688 therapeutic ERCPs enrolled in the final analysis. The impact of the risk factors on PEP development was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. PEP was diagnosed and its severity was graded according to the consensus criteria. RESULTS: With the exception of history of pancreatitis, there was no other statistically significant difference of patients' characteristics between patients with and without PEP. Female sex, age, difficult cannulation, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, metal stent placement, opacification of main pancreatic duct, and suprapapillary fistulotomy were not found to be risk factors for PEP by univariate and multivariate analysis. Both univariate and multivariate analysis showed history of acute pancreatitis, needle-knife papillotomy, transpancreatic sphincterotomy, opacification of first-class and second-class pancreatic ductules, and acinarization as independent risk factors for PEP. CONCLUSIONS: History of acute pancreatitis, needle-knife papillotomy, transpancreatic sphincterotomy, opacification of first-class and second-class pancreatic ductules, and acinarization were all identified as independent risk factors for PEP.

Prophylactic clip application before endoscopic resection of large pedunculated colorectal polyps in patients receiving anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety of prophylactic endoclipping before resection of large pedunculated colorectal polyps in patients with uninterrupted anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a single tertiary referral center, patients with normal coagulation parameters and those with uninterrupted anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications, who underwent prophylactic endoclipping before resection of large pedunculated colorectal polyps (polyp's head diameter >10 mm), were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters, polyp characteristics, number of clips used for endoclipping, histology of resected polyps, the polypectomy technique, and postpolypectomy complications were recorded and compared. RESULTS: In 64 patients with large pedunculated colorectal polyps, successful endoclipping before resection was achieved. Eleven patients (17.2%) had uninterrupted anticoagulation (n = 4) or antiplatelet (n = 7) medications. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in age, sex, indications for colonoscopy, location of polyps, size of polyp head or stalk, coexisting small polyps, histology of resected polyps, and polypectomy techniques among patients with normal coagulation parameters (group A) and patients on uninterrupted anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment (group B). Coronary artery disease, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation were significantly more prevalent in group B. No immediate or delayed postpolypectomy hemorrhage occurred in either group. One patient (1.9%) in group A developed postpolypectomy coagulation syndrome and was successfully treated conservatively. Follow-up evaluation demonstrated no recurrence of polyps or cancer development. CONCLUSIONS: According to our experience, uncomplicated polypectomy of large pedunculated colorectal polyps can be performed by prophylactic endoclipping in patients receiving anticoagulation or antiplatelet medications.

Endoscopic mucosal resection of giant laterally spreading tumors with submucosal injection of hydroxyethyl starch: comparative study with normal saline solution.

BACKGROUND: Normal saline (NS) plus epinephrine (E) is the traditionally used solution as submucosal fluid cushion for a safe and effective endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of sessile colorectal polyps. It was hypothesized that hydroxyethyl starch (HES), an inexpensive and easily available solution might be an ideal solution for prolonged elevation of submucosal cushion for an easy and safe EMR of giant colorectal lateral spreading tumors (LSTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 6-year period, patients suffering from colorectal LSTs with a diameter of ≥ 30 mm were randomized to undergo EMR by using either HES+E (group A) or NS+E (group B) for submucosal fluid cushion. All patients who had undergone a colonoscopy set the diagnosis of LSTs. The LSTs were examined with standard white light and narrow-band imaging to accurately delinate their margins before resection. The initial volume of injected solution, the additional amount to maintain the submucosal cushion, the duration of submucosal elevation and post-EMR-related complications were recorded. After EMR, patients had a standard follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months and further if it was necessary using total colonoscopy. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients suffering from giant LSTs were included in the study. No difference between the 2 groups was observed in patients' characteristics, size of LSTs, and the initial volume of injected solution. However, the additional amount of solution to maintain submucosal elevation was lower in group A (median, 4 mL; range, 2 to 25) than in group B (median, 6 mL; range, 3 to 8; P=0.001). Moreover, submucosal elevation had a statistically longer duration in group A (median, 18.5 min; range, 14.5 to 28.4) than in group B (median, 20.15 min, range, 9.6 to 13.4; P<0.001), and there was a statistical difference on total procedure time in favor of group A [group A, 20.15 min (12 to 32.5) vs. group B, 22.8 min (18 to 34.5)]. One case of macroperforation, 2 cases of postpolypectomy syndrome, and 1 case of EMR-related bleeding were observed in the HES+E group, whereas 6 cases of EMR-related bleeding were observed in the NS+E group. During a median follow-up of 32 and 34 months, for HES+E and NS+E groups, respectively, 5 and 7 recurrences were observed, which were all treated endoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: HES+E injection produces a more prolonged submucosal elevation and lowers total procedure time than NS+E; however, the safety of EMR is not influenced.

Efficacy of colchicine in the treatment of mesenteric panniculitis in a young patient.

Mesenteric panniculitis (MP) is a rare inflammatory and fibrotic disease of the mesentery of unknown etiology. It has various clinical and radiological manifestations, posing a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Its diagnosis is indicated via radiologic imaging and is usually confirmed via peritoneal biopsies. We describe a case of a patient with histopathologically proven MP, in which steroid dependence was successfully managed with colchicine.

A prospective analysis of factors influencing fluoroscopy time during therapeutic ERCP.

BACKGROUND: Fluoroscopy time (FT) in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a linear relationship with radiation exposure to endoscopist, personnel and patients. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the factors influencing the FT during ERCP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and August 2011, patients with naïve papilla undergoing therapeutic ERCP were included in the study. Patient and procedural factors affecting fluoroscopy duration were investigated. RESULTS: During the study period 549 ERCP records were included in the final analysis. The mean procedural time and FT were 19.53±7.61 min and 48.82±26.43 sec, respectively. There was no effect of age or gender on FT. Univariate analysis showed choledocholithiasis (+17.92 sec; 95%CI: 12.73-23.11, p<0.001), multiple stones (+21.21 sec; 95%CI: 14.31-30.35, p<0.001), stone size >10 mm (+27.514 sec; 95%CI: 16.62-35.71; p<0.001), precut technique (+12.46 sec; 95%CI: 6.32-18.60; p<0.001), periampullary diverticulum (+33.36 sec; 95%CI: 28.49-38.23; p<0.001), mechanical lithotripsy (+31.14 sec; 95%CI: 24.67-37.61; p<0.001) and mechanical lithotripsy plus stent placement (+42.41 sec; 95%CI: 31.93-52.89; p<0.001) to be associated with longer FT. Multivariate analysis identified choledocholithiasis (+13.24 sec; 95%CI: 4.44-22.04; p=0.003), multiple stones (+19.51 sec; 95%CI: 11.72-26.78; p<0.001), stone size >10 mm (+23.95 sec; 95%CI: 14.35-29.45; p<0.001), needle-knife papillotomy (+17.26 sec; 95%CI: 7.77-26.75; p<0.001), periampullary diverticulum (+21.99 sec; 95%CI: 17.81-26.16; p<0.001) and mechanical lithotripsy plus stent placement (+20.39 sec; 95%CI: 7.38-33.40; p=0.002) to prolong FT. CONCLUSIONS: The identified factors influencing the FT may help endoscopists take appropriate precautions during ERCP to significantly decrease FTs.

Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of wireless capsule endoscopy in patients with chronic abdominal pain with or without diarrhea: a Greek multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Wireless capsule endoscopy has become the gold standard for the examination of small bowel. However, its role in the evaluation of patients suffering from chronic abdominal pain is not yet clearly defined. We conducted an open-label prospective multi-center study to evaluate the yield and clinical outcome of capsule endoscopy in patients with chronic abdominal pain with/without diarrhea. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with chronic (>3months) abdominal pain with/without diarrhea in whom the underlying pathology could not be diagnosed by conventional modalities, underwent capsule endoscopy in either of the 6 participating centers. Patients were then followed up for clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The overall diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy was 44.4%. More specifically, its diagnostic yield was 21.4% in patients with abdominal pain and negative inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 66.7% in patients with abdominal pain and positive inflammatory markers, 0% in patients with abdominal pain, diarrhea and negative inflammatory markers, and 90.1% in patients with abdominal pain, diarrhea and positive inflammatory markers. Both univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that abnormal C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were significant factors related with positive capsule endoscopy findings. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic abdominal pain with/without diarrhea should be accompanied by elevated inflammatory markers to be regarded as a valid indication for capsule endoscopy. The yield of capsule endoscopy in such patients is reasonably high and clinical outcomes of patients treated with capsule endoscopy findings as a guide are significant.

Double probe pH-monitoring findings in patients with benign lesions of the true vocal folds: comparison with typical GERD and the effect of smoking.

We conducted a pH-monitoring study to determine the prevalence of pathologic gastroesophageal reflux (GER+) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR+) in patients with resected benign true vocal fold lesions (TVFLs) and positive reflux finding score (RFS). We compared our findings with those of patients with typical GER disease (GERD) symptoms and normal laryngoscopy. In the group of patients with TVFLs, we compared the pH-monitoring findings of smokers with those of non-smokers. Seventy-two [females 32, mean (SD) age 49.3 (13.1) years] patients with resected TVFLs (polyps: 32, nodules: 20, Reinke's edema: 12, granulomas: 4, leukoplakia: 4) and 24 [females 14, mean (SD) age 42.2 (13.4) years] patients with typical GERD symptoms, who served as controls for the hypopharyngeal measurements, underwent 24-h double probe, hypopharyngeal and distal esophageal, ambulatory pH monitoring. Thirty-eight (52.8%) patients with TVFLs had GER+ and 52 (72.2%) had LPR+. More laryngopharyngeal reflux episodes (LPREs) were detected in patients with TVFLs compared to those with GERD (P < 0.001). With respect to the specific TVFLs, 12 (37.5%) patients with polyps had GER+ and 24 (75%) had LPR+, 6 (30%) patients with nodules had GER+ and 12 (60%) had LPR+, 6 (50%) patients with Reinke's edema had GER+ and 8 (66.7%) had LPR+ and all the patients with granuloma or leucoplakia had both GER+ and LPR+. Twenty (55.6%) of the 36 smokers and 32 (88.9%) of the 36 non-smokers with TVFLs had LPR+ (P = 0.003), while GER+ was recorded in 16 (44.4%) smokers and 22 (61.1%) non-smokers (P = 0.238). Smokers had significantly less LPREs (P < 0.001). In conclusion, 24-h double probe pH monitoring may detect GER+ and/or LPR+ in a substantial proportion of patients with resected TVFLs and positive RFS. Our study suggests that LPR+ is more prevalent in patients with TVFLs compared with typical GERD patients and that non-smokers with TVFLs are more likely to have LPR+ than smokers with TVFLs.

Endoscopic management of occluded biliary uncovered metal stents: a multicenter experience.

AIM: To compare diverse endoscopic interventions in the management of occluded uncovered self-expanding metal stents (SEMSs) that had been placed for palliative treatment of unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken in 4 tertiary endoscopic centers to determine optimal management of different types of occluded SEMSs. The technical success of performed treatment in occluded SEMSs, the patency of the stent, the need for re-intervention and the financial costs of each treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty four patients were included in the analysis; 21 received Hanaro, 19 Wallstent and 14 Flexus. For the relief of obstruction, a plastic stent was inserted in 24 patients, a second SEMS in 25 and mechanical cleaning was performed in 5 patients. The overall median second patency rates between second SEMSs and plastic stents did not differ (133 d for SEMSs vs 106 d for plastic stents; P=0.856). Similarly, no difference was found between the overall survival of SEMS and plastic stent groups, and no procedure-related complications occurred. Incremental cost analysis showed that successive plastic stenting was a cost-saving strategy at least in Greece. CONCLUSION: Insertion of uncovered SEMSs or plastic stents is a safe and effective treatment for occluded uncovered SEMSs; insertion of plastic stents appears to be the most cost-effective strategy.

Diagnostic yield and clinical impact of capsule endoscopy in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding during routine clinical practice: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy (CE) and its impact on patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between May 2007 and May 2009, 63 patients with OGIB (overt bleeding: 25, and occult blood loss with chronic ferropenic anemia: 38) and normal upper and lower endoscopy were studied by CE. Demographic characteristics, prior diagnostic tests, CE findings, therapeutic interventions, medical treatment and clinical outcomes following CE were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall diagnostic yield was 44.44% of patients and included findings of angiectasia in 11 (17.46%) patients, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs enteropathy in 6 (9.52%) patients, celiac disease in 3 (4.76%) patients, tumors in 2 (3.17%) patients, and a variety of other diagnoses ranging from varices to ulcers (due to congenital afibrinogenemia and amyloidosis). The diagnostic yield was notably higher in overt bleeders (15/25, 60%) compared to occult bleeders (13/38, 34.21%; p = 0.044), and in patients with overt bleeding who had CE within the first 10 days (14/16, 87.5%) after the bleeding episode in comparison to overt bleeders who underwent CE >10 days after the bleeding episode (2/16, 11.1%; p < 0.0001). During follow-up (11.8 ± 7 months), CE findings led to specific therapy that resolved the underlying disease or improved the clinical condition in 45 of 63 patients, thus having a positive clinical impact of 71.43%. CONCLUSION: CE has a high diagnostic yield and a positive influence on clinical management in a significant proportion of patients with OGIB. These data further support the role of CE in routine clinical practice.

Eleven-year experience on the endoscopic treatment of post-cholecystectomy bile leaks.

BACKGROUND: Bile leak is a common and serious complication of cholecystectomy with endotherapy being an established method of treatment. This retrospective study presents the 11-year experience of a referral center in endoscopic management of post-cholecystectomy bile leaks. METHODS: During the period between January 2000 and December 2010, records of patients who had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for suspected post-cholecystectomy bile leaks were reviewed for evidence of clinical presentation of bile leaks, cholangiographic findings, type of endoscopic intervention, procedural complications and post-procedure follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with suspected post-cholecystectomy bile leak were referred for ERCP. Common bile duct (CBD) cannulation was successful in 70 patients (98.59%). Complete transection of CBD was diagnosed in 4 patients; they were treated with surgery. A leak from the cystic duct stump was demonstrated in 49 patients (74.24%), from the ducts of Luschka in 4 (6.06%), from the gallbladder bed in 2 (3.03%), from the CBD in 7 (10.61%) and from the common hepatic duct (CHD) in 4 patients (6.06%). Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) plus endoprosthesis was performed in 64 patients (96.97%). A 12-year-old girl with a leak from cystic duct stump was successfully treated with stenting without ES and one patient with leak from gallbladder bed underwent only ES. Endoscopic intervention failed to treat a leak from CHD in one patient. During the follow-up, three patients developed bile duct stricture. Two were treated endoscopically and one with hepaticojejunostomy. CONCLUSIONS: ES plus large-bore straight plastic biliary stent placement is a safe and effective intervention in post-cholecystectomy bile leaks.

Sequential or simultaneous placement of self-expandable metallic stents for palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction due to unresectable pancreatic head carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is generally not amenable to curative resection, and self-expanding metallic stents have been used to relieve obstruction of bile duct and duodenum in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. However, both relative experience with sequential or simultaneous endoscopic stents placement in biliary and duodenal stricture and long-term efficacy of these stents are limited. The aim of this study was to present our experience on the effectiveness of this form of endoscopic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all patients undergoing sequential or simultaneous biliary and duodenal stent placement for biliary and symptomatic duodenal obstruction due to unresectable pancreatic head carcinomas in 4 tertiary endoscopic centers. Data were collected from endoscopy and outpatient clinic reports, x-rays, and telephone calls. All patients were followed until their death. Endpoints included technical and clinical success, stent long-term patency, and survival. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients with unresectable pancreatic head cancer were included. Biliary or duodenal stenting was unsuccessful in 7 patients (17.9%). The remaining 32 patients (median age: 77 y; range: 52 to 82 y), with locally advanced (n=21) or metastatic disease (n=11), were studied. Twenty-one patients (65.6%) received at least first-line chemotherapy. Overall median survival was 9 months (range: 2 to 22 mo), being higher in locally advanced (median survival: 11.5 mo, range: 4 to 22 mo) than metastatic disease (median survival: 3 mo, range: 2 to 5.5 mo) (P<0.001). Median duodenal and biliary patency was 3 months (range: 1 to 12 mo) and 9 months (range: 2 to 22 mo), respectively (P<0.05). Nine of 32 patients (28.1%) required reintervention for recurrent symptoms. No major complications or death occurred in relation to endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of self-expandable metal stents is a safe and efficacious palliation method for biliary and duodenal obstruction due to unresectable pancreatic head carcinoma. The majority of patients do not require reintervention and those who require can usually be managed nonoperatively.

Partially covered vs uncovered sphincterotome and post-endoscopic sphincterotomy bleeding.

AIM: To prospectively compare partially covered vs uncovered sphincterotome use on post-endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) hemorrhage and other complications. METHODS: All patients referred for therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were randomly assigned to undergo ES either with a partially covered or an uncovered sphincterotome. Both patient and technical risk factors contributing to the development of post-ES bleeding were recorded and analyzed. The characteristics of bleeding was recorded during and after ES. Other complications were also compared. RESULTS: Three-hundred and eighty-seven patients were recruited in this study; 194 patients underwent ES with a partially covered sphincterotome and 193 with conventional uncovered sphincterotome. No statistical difference was noted in the baseline characteristics and risk factors for post-ES induced hemorrhage between the 2 groups. No significant difference in the incidence and pattern of visible bleeding rates was found between the 2 groups (immediate bleeding in 24 patients with the partially covered sphincterotome vs 19 patients with the uncovered sphincterotome, P = 0.418). Delayed bleeding was observed in 2 patients with a partially covered sphincterotome and in 1 patient with an uncovered sphincterotome (P = 0.62). No statistical difference was noted in the rate of other complications. CONCLUSION: The partially covered sphincterotome was not associated with a lower frequency of bleeding. Also, there was no difference in the incidence of other significant complications between the 2 types of sphincterotome.