The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: Several psychosocial risk factors have been identified that increase the rate of readmission in heart failure (HF) patients. However, the impact of social isolation (SI) on the rate of readmission is unclear. Therefore, the current review focused on the impact of SI on readmission rates of patients with HF. METHODS: A Medline-based strategy was applied to search PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane library, ProQuest, and Embase from inception until November 15, 2018. We performed a meta-analysis and pooled results using random effects model. The primary outcome was the odds ratio of readmission in HF patients suffering from SI. We examined the impact of both perceived and objective SI on readmission rates. We also examined the differences in readmission rates between these concepts. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of readmission and the prevalence of SI. RESULTS: From 3326 titles, 13 studies (n = 6468 participants) were eligible. The mean follow-up period was 13 months. The cumulative incidence for HF-related hospital readmission was 35.47% (95% CI: 34.29-36.67). The pooled prevalence ratio (PR, (95% CI)) was 37.31% (36.14-38.49), 31.51% (30.36-32.68), 32.82% (29.90-35.88), and 39.57% (37.73-41.45) for SI, living alone, lack of social support, and poor social network, respectively. SI was associated with a 55% greater risk of hospital readmission in patients with HF (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.39-1.73; p < .001). Our analysis did not show a significant difference in the rate of hospital readmission between perceived and objective SI. CONCLUSION: SI is prevalent in patients with HF and seems to be consistently linked to hospital readmission in HF patients, regardless of how it is measured. Therefore, it is necessary to develop interventions to reduce the burden of SI in patients with HF.