RESUMO
CRISPR is a powerful gene editing tool for correcting disease-causing mutations. It is becoming more and more evident that CRISPR is a promising approach to treating human genetic diseases. The technologies for adding or removing genes have made significant advances over the past few years and have shown promising potential outcomes. In the current study, we mainly introduce the CRISPR/Cas system and there are several applications in the treatment of genetic diseases, particularly during embryo development.
Assuntos
Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Edição de Genes , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Engenharia Genética , Genoma , HumanosRESUMO
Exosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell-to-cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic-acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and -70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Exossomos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Carcinogênese , Comunicação Celular , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipóxia , Sistema Imunitário , Lipídeos/química , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Invasividade Neoplásica , Metástase Neoplásica , Neovascularização Patológica , Prognóstico , Proteômica/métodos , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Depression is a common psychiatric disease and one of the main causes of disability worldwide. In spite of certain developments in this field, chemical and synthetic drugs used for the treatment of depression disrupt the treatment process due to numerous side effects and high cost. Today, the goal of using a potential method for treating depression involves the use of medicinal and phytochemical plants, which have many therapeutic benefits. Studies have shown that medicinal plants affect the nervous system and exert antidepressant effects in various ways, including synaptic regulation of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, and inflammatory mediators. In this study, depression as well as the factors and mechanisms involved in its development are first addressed, and then medicinal plants effective in the treatment of depression along with their mechanisms of actions are reported.
