Optimization of silver nanoparticles synthesis via Plackett-Burman experimental design: in vitro assessment of their efficacy against oxidative stress-induced disorders.

Nanoparticles possess remarkable biological activities owing to their small size and large surface-to-volume ratio. Given the increasing adoption of environmentally sustainable practices in silver nanoparticle (AgNP) fabrication, this study presents a simple lab-scale green synthesis of AgNPs using banana peels. Large amounts of banana peels are disposed off in Pakistan every day. As the fruit is available throughout the year and contains many active components with potent biological activities, we aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using its peel, through an energy-efficient and inexpensive route. The synthesis was optimized according to the Plackett-Burman design (PDB) of experiments, which helped identify significant factors and saved time and resources. For characterization, UV-Vis spectroscopy and SEM-EDX analysis were performed, revealing spherical particles in the 45-65 nm size range. To investigate functional groups, FT-IR analysis was performed, revealing the presence of N-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O amide I bonds of proteins, C-H bonds of tannins and C-O bonds involved in the capping and stabilization of nanoparticles. The free radical scavenging property of banana peel-mediated silver nanoparticles (BP-AgNPs) was studied against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the antioxidant potential was found to be 79% at 500 µg mL-1 concentration. The efficacy of BP-AgNPs with respect to certain biological activities were studied through anti-inflammatory assays, which demonstrated better results compared to a standard drug, and an anti-glycation assay, wherein only 4% of AGEs were formed, demonstrating 96% of AGE inhibition in vitro. The findings not only demonstrated the effectiveness of the PBD approach but also highlighted the potent property of BP-AgNPs against disorders associated with oxidative stress.

Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles using Spirulina platensis: In vitro anti-coagulant, thrombolytic and catalytic dye degradation activity.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging field due to it's biosafety and promising results. Biological systems due to their biodiversity are employed in different production processes. In this study Spirulina platensis mediated silver nanoparticles (S-AgNPs) production was done. The Uv spectra, FTIR and SEM analysis was performed for the characterization of biosynthesized S-AgNPs. The biocompatibility evaluation of S-AgNPs was done through hemolysis analysis. S-AgNPs were also evaluated for anticoagulant and thrombolytic potential. In addition to the medical applications of S-AgNPs, silver nanoparticles have been known to show potential industrial applications among which one application is the utilization of silver nanoparticles in the degradation of toxic industrial dyes. Therefore, degradation assay of Eosin Y and Methylene Blue dyes was estimated. The SEM analysis of S-AgNPs showed the particle size of 50-65 nm, whereas the biocompatibility analysis showed that these S-AgNPs are biocompatible at ≤400 µM concentration. The S-AgNPs showed good anticoagulant potential and thrombolytic potential and were able to degrade 44% of the thrombus. The S-AgNPs significantly degraded 76% of Eosin Y within 30 min, whereas Methylene Blue was 80% degraded within 20 min (P-value ≤ .001). To the best of our knowledge, the dye degradation of Eosin Y, thrombolytic activity and anticoagulant activity of S-AgNPs produced from the biomass of Spirulina platensis has been reported for the first time. In the current study, we conclude that our biosynthesized S-AgNPs showed promising medical and industrial applications and these nanoparticles can be further evaluated and upscaled for large scale applications.