The Diagnostic Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as an Effective Biomarker for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder.

Background: Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a serious condition associated with inflammation. Early diagnosis and detection are critical for early intervention. In this systematic review, we investigate the role of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an important biomarker for NMO. Methods: Ten studies were selected that were sufficiently high quality and then checked for quality. The studies were organized by English language and selective inclusion criteria. Results: NLR was significantly increased in NMO patients compared to controls. The ratio was specifically proportional to severity of disease. More severe disease had a higher ratio. Conclusion: NLR offers a reliable and affordable method for early detection of disease severity. This can help guide appropriate treatment selection and monitor treatment response.

Pathological role of inflammation in ocular disease progress and its targeting by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosome; current status and prospect.

Because of their unique capacity for differentiation to a diversity of cell lineages and immunosuppressive properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are being looked at as a potential new treatment option in ophthalmology. The MSCs derived from all tissue sources possess immunomodulatory attributes through cell-to-cell contact and releasing a myriad of immunomodulatory factors (IL-10, TGF-ß, growth-related oncogene (GRO), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)). Such mediators, in turn, alter both the phenotype and action of all immune cells that serve a pathogenic role in the progression of inflammation in eye diseases. Exosomes from MSCs, as natural nano-particles, contain the majority of the bioactive components of parental MSCs and can easily by-pass all biological barriers to reach the target epithelial and immune cells in the eye without interfering with nearby parenchymal cells, thus having no serious side effects. We outlined the most recent research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of MSC and MSC-exosome in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases in the current article.