Totipotency of Daucus carota L. Somatic Cells Microencapsulated Using Spray Drying Technology.

The carrot is considered a model system in plant cell culture. Spray drying represents a widely used technology to preserve microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeasts. In germplasm conservation, the most used methods are freeze drying and cryopreservation. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of spray drying on the viability and totipotency of somatic carrot cells. Leaf, root and stem explants were evaluated to induce callus with 2 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Calli obtained from the stem were cultivated in a liquid medium with 1 mg/L of 2,4-D. Cell suspensions were spray dried with maltodextrin-gum Arabic and maltodextrin-xanthan gum mixtures, two outlet air temperatures (50 and 60 °C) and 120 °C inlet air temperature. Results showed that carrot cells were viable after spray drying, and this viability remained for six months at 8 °C. The totipotency of the microencapsulated cells was proven. Cells that were not spray dried regenerated 24.6 plantlets, while the spray dried cells regenerated 19 plantlets for each gram of rehydrated powder. Thus, spray drying allowed researchers to obtain viable and totipotent cells. This work is the first manuscript that reported the spray drying of plant somatic cells.

Zinc Oxide Phytonanoparticles' Effects on Yield and Mineral Contents in Fruits of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Cherry) under Field Conditions.

The use of phytonanoparticles in agriculture could decrease the use of fertilizers and therefore decrease soil contamination, due to their size being better assimilated in plants. It is important to mention that the nanofertilizer is slow-releasing and improves plant physiological properties and various nutritional parameters. The influence of soil and foliar applications of phytonanoparticles of ZnO with the Moringa oleifera extract under three concentrations (25, 50, and 100 ppm) was evaluated on the cherry tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Synthesis of the phytonanoparticles was analyzed with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and infrared transmission spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT-IR), as well as the analysis with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The morphometric parameters were evaluated before and after the application of the nanoparticles. The minerals' content of fruits was done 95 days after planting. Results showed that soil application was better at a concentration of 25 ppm of phytonanoparticles since it allowed the greatest number of flowers and fruits on the plant; however, it was demonstrated that when performing a foliar application, the fruit showed the highest concentrations for the elements Mg, Ca, and Na at concentrations of 511, 4589, and 223 mg kg-1, respectively.

Cirugia biliar en época de pandemia Experiencia del Hospital de Clínicas "Pte. Nicolás Avellaneda" - (Tucumán-Argentina). / BILIARY SURGERY IN A TIME OF PANDEMIC AT THE CLINICAL HOSPITAL "Pte. NICOLAS AVELLANEDA" TUCUMAN, ARGENTINA

Antecedentes: La rápida diseminación mundial de la enfermedad COVID-19 llevó a declarar la Emergencia Sanitaria, en Argentina se decretó el Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio el 20 de Marzo, siguiendo con estos lineamientos Tucumán tuvo que adaptarse reestructurando su Sistema Provincial de Salud, quedando el Hospital de Clínicas Pte. Nicolás Avellaneda, como único hospital polivalente para patologías prevalentes. Objetivo: Mostrar el manejo quirúrgico integral mininvasivo de la patología biliar (laparoscópico, endoscópico, percutáneo y combinado), con plena vigencia de la CMA en este momento de Pandemia, durante el periodo del 20 de Marzo al 29 de Mayo del 2020. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo de corte transversal, de la patología quirúrgica biliar a quienes se le realizó Cribado Epidemiológico, exámenes preoperatorios, de ser necesaria una Tomografía Computada de Tórax; con Consentimiento Informado. Resultados: En el periodo estudiado, en el contexto de la pandemia se realizaron 51 intervenciones de la vía biliar; las vías de abordaje de elección fueron de cuatros tipos, según el orden de frecuencia: laparoscópico 65%, combinado 25%, endoscópico 8% y percutáneo 2%, con la modalidad de CMA (Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria) se realizó 20% y 80% con internación hospitalaria, de los cuales tuvieron un promedio de un día y medio de estadía postoperatorio. Conclusión: La aparición de la Pandemia nos dió la oportunidad de incorporar nuevas técnicas mininvasivas y fortalecer la CMA. Para poder realizar esta labor, es necesario priorizar la seguridad en el entorno de trabajo y la atención de los pacientes.

Health Emergency, in Argentina Preventive and Mandatory Social Isolation was decreed on March 20, following these guidelines Tucumán had to restructure its Provincial Health System, leaving the Hospital Clinicas Pte. Nicolás Avellaneda, as the only multipurpose hospital for prevalent pathologies. Objective: To show the comprehensive minimally invasive surgical management of biliary pathology (laparoscopic, endoscopic, percutaneous, and combined), with full effect of the CMA at this time of the Pandemic, during the period from March 20 to May 29, 2020. Material and Methods: Descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study of biliary surgical pathology for those who underwent Epidemiological Screening, preoperative examinations, if necessary, a Computed Tomography of the Thorax; with Informed Consent. Results: In the period studied, 51 bile duct problems were performed in the context of the pandemic; the approach routes of choice were of four types, according to the order of frequency: laparoscopic 65%, combined 25%, endoscopic 8% and percutaneous 2%, with the flexibility of CMA (Major Ambulatory Surgery) performed 20% and 80% with hospitalization, of which they had an average of one and a half days of postoperative stay. Conclusion: The appearance of the Pandemic gave us the opportunity to incorporate new minimally invasive techniques and strengthen the CMA. In order to carry out this work, it is necessary to prioritize safety in the work environment and patient care

Captive Green Iguana Carries Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes.

The green iguana appears to be a carrier for bacteria causing gastrointestinal infections in humans. The presence of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes, however, has not been studied in this reptile. The aim of the current work was to investigate the prevalence of DEC in the intestines of 240 captive green iguanas, their phylogenetic groups, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile. E. coli strains were isolated from 41.7% (N = 100/240) of the intestinal content of green iguanas. DEC strains was identified in 25.9% of the screened population and were detected in the majority (62%, p = 0.009) of those reptiles carrying E. coli strains. Among DEC strains, STEC strains carrying the stx1 gene were the most prevalent pathotype isolated (38.7%), followed by EAEC and ETEC (27.4% each). Genetic markers of DEC strains belonging to the EHEC pathotype were not detected. More than a half of DEC strains were classified into the Clade I-II phylogroup (64.5%), followed by the phylogroup A (14.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility method demonstrated that a high proportion of DEC strains were resistance, or non-susceptible, to carbenicillin, amikacin, and ampicillin. We conclude that the green iguana kept in captivity is a carrier of DEC strains bearing resistance to first-line antibiotics, including penicillins. Given the increase presence of the green iguana in Latin American households, these reptiles represent a potential source of transmission to susceptible humans and therefore a potential source of gastrointestinal disease.

Changes in Intestinal Microbiota and Predicted Metabolic Pathways During Colonic Fermentation of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)-Based Bar Indigestible Fraction.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel and pulp are a source of dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic compounds (PCs) that constituent part of the indigestible fraction (IF). This fraction reaches the colon and acts as a carbon and energy source for intestinal microbiota. The effect of mango IF on intestinal microbiota during colonic fermentation is unknown. In this study, the isolated IF of a novel 'Ataulfo' mango-based bar (snack) UV-C irradiated and non-irradiated (UVMangoB and MangoB) were fermented. Colonic fermentation occurred in vitro under chemical-enzymatic, semi-anaerobic, batch culture and controlled pH colonic conditions. Changes in the structure of fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16s rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The community´s functional capabilities were determined in silico. The MangoB and UVMangoB increased the presence of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Fusicatenibacter, Holdemanella, Catenibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Buttiauxella, Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, Prevotella and Bacteroides genera. The alpha indexes showed a decrease in microbial diversity after 6 h of colonic fermentation. The coordinates analysis indicated any differences between irradiated and non-irradiated bar. The metabolic prediction demonstrated that MangoB and UVMangoB increase the microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathway. This study suggests that IF of mango-based bar induced beneficial changes on microbial ecology and metabolic pathway that could be promissory to prevention or treatment of metabolic dysbiosis. However, in vivo interventions are necessary to confirm the interactions between microbiota modulating and intestinal beneficial effects.

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and fructan production of Agave americana L

ABSTRACT The effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria inoculation on plant growth and the sugar content in Agave americana was assessed. The bacterial strains ACO-34A, ACO-40, and ACO-140, isolated from the A. americana rhizosphere, were selected for this study to evaluate their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The three bacterial strains were evaluated via plant inoculation assays, and Azospirillum brasilense Cd served as a control strain. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strains ACO-34A, ACO-40 and ACO-140 were Rhizobium daejeonense, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas mosselii, respectively. All of the strains were able to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), solubilize phosphate, and had nitrogenase activity. Inoculation using the plant growth-promoting bacteria strains had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on plant growth and the sugar content of A. americana, showing that these native plant growth-promoting bacteria are a practical, simple, and efficient alternative to promote the growth of agave plants with proper biological characteristics for agroindustrial and biotechnological use and to increase the sugar content in this agave species.

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and fructan production of Agave americana L

The effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria inoculation on plant growth and the sugar content in Agave americana was assessed. The bacterial strains ACO-34A, ACO-40, and ACO-140, isolated from the A. americana rhizosphere, were selected for this study to evaluate their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The three bacterial strains were evaluated via plant inoculation assays, and Azospirillum brasilense Cd served as a control strain. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strains ACO-34A, ACO-40 and ACO-140 were Rhizobium daejeonense, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas mosselii, respectively. All of the strains were able to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), solubilize phosphate, and had nitrogenase activity. Inoculation using the plant growth-promoting bacteria strains had a significant effect (p 0.05) on plant growth and the sugar content of A. americana, showing that these native plant growth-promoting bacteria are a practical, simple, and efficient alternative to promote the growth of agave plants with proper biological characteristics for agroindustrial and biotechnological use and to increase the sugar content in this agave species.(AU)

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth and fructan production of Agave americana L.

The effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria inoculation on plant growth and the sugar content in Agave americana was assessed. The bacterial strains ACO-34A, ACO-40, and ACO-140, isolated from the A. americana rhizosphere, were selected for this study to evaluate their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The three bacterial strains were evaluated via plant inoculation assays, and Azospirillum brasilense Cd served as a control strain. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strains ACO-34A, ACO-40 and ACO-140 were Rhizobium daejeonense, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas mosselii, respectively. All of the strains were able to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), solubilize phosphate, and had nitrogenase activity. Inoculation using the plant growth-promoting bacteria strains had a significant effect (p<0.05) on plant growth and the sugar content of A. americana, showing that these native plant growth-promoting bacteria are a practical, simple, and efficient alternative to promote the growth of agave plants with proper biological characteristics for agroindustrial and biotechnological use and to increase the sugar content in this agave species.

Symbiotic potential and survival of native rhizobia kept on different carriers.

Native rhizobia are ideal for use as commercial legume inoculants. The characteristics of the carrier used to store the inoculants are important for the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of peat (PEAT), perlite sugarcane bagasse (PSB), carboxymethyl cellulose plus starch (CMCS), and yeast extract mannitol supplemented with mannitol (YEMM) on the survival, nodulation potential and N2 fixation capacity of the native strains Sinorhizobium mexicanum ITTG R7(T) and Rhizobium calliandrae LBP2-1(T) and of the reference strain Rhizobium etli CFN42(T). A factorial design (4 × 3) with four repetitions was used to determine the symbiotic potential of the rhizobial strains. The survival of the strains was higher for PEAT (46% for strain LBP2-1(T), 167% for strain CFN42(T) and 219% for strain ITTG R7(T)) than for the other carriers after 240 days, except for CFN42(T) kept on CMCS (225%). All the strains kept on the different carriers effectively nodulated common bean, with the lowest number of nodules found (5 nodules) when CFN42(T) was kept on CMCS and with the highest number of nodules found (28 nodules) when ITTG R7(T) was kept on PSB. The nitrogenase activity was the highest for ITTG R7(T) kept on PEAT (4911 µmol C2H4 per fresh weight nodule h(-1)); however, no activity was found when the strains were kept on YEMM. Thus, the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia depended on the carrier used to store them.

Symbiotic potential and survival of native rhizobia kept on different carriers

Native rhizobia are ideal for use as commercial legume inoculants. The characteristics of the carrier used to store the inoculants are important for the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of peat (PEAT), perlite sugarcane bagasse (PSB), carboxymethyl cellulose plus starch (CMCS), and yeast extract mannitol supplemented with mannitol (YEMM) on the survival, nodulation potential and N₂ fixation capacity of the native strains Sinorhizobium mexicanum ITTG R7^T and Rhizobium calliandrae LBP2-1^T and of the reference strain Rhizobium etli CFN42^T. A factorial design (4 × 3) with four repetitions was used to determine the symbiotic potential of the rhizobial strains. The survival of the strains was higher for PEAT (46% for strain LBP2-1^T, 167% for strain CFN42^T and 219% for strain ITTG R7^T) than for the other carriers after 240 days, except for CFN42^T kept on CMCS (225%). All the strains kept on the different carriers effectively nodulated common bean, with the lowest number of nodules found (5 nodules) when CFN42^T was kept on CMCS and with the highest number of nodules found (28 nodules) when ITTG R7^T was kept on PSB. The nitrogenase activity was the highest for ITTG R7^T kept on PEAT (4911 μmol C₂H₄ per fresh weight nodule h⁻¹); however, no activity was found when the strains were kept on YEMM. Thus, the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia depended on the carrier used to store them.

Symbiotic potential and survival of native rhizobia kept on different carriers

Native rhizobia are ideal for use as commercial legume inoculants. The characteristics of the carrier used to store the inoculants are important for the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of peat (PEAT), perlite sugarcane bagasse (PSB), carboxymethyl cellulose plus starch (CMCS), and yeast extract mannitol supplemented with mannitol (YEMM) on the survival, nodulation potential and N₂ fixation capacity of the native strains Sinorhizobium mexicanum ITTG R7^T and Rhizobium calliandrae LBP2-1^T and of the reference strain Rhizobium etli CFN42^T. A factorial design (4 × 3) with four repetitions was used to determine the symbiotic potential of the rhizobial strains. The survival of the strains was higher for PEAT (46% for strain LBP2-1^T, 167% for strain CFN42^T and 219% for strain ITTG R7^T) than for the other carriers after 240 days, except for CFN42^T kept on CMCS (225%). All the strains kept on the different carriers effectively nodulated common bean, with the lowest number of nodules found (5 nodules) when CFN42^T was kept on CMCS and with the highest number of nodules found (28 nodules) when ITTG R7^T was kept on PSB. The nitrogenase activity was the highest for ITTG R7^T kept on PEAT (4911 μmol C₂H₄ per fresh weight nodule h⁻¹); however, no activity was found when the strains were kept on YEMM. Thus, the survival and symbiotic potential of the rhizobia depended on the carrier used to store them..(AU)

Screening of ARHSP-TCC patients expands the spectrum of SPG11 mutations and includes a large scale gene deletion.

Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with thinning of corpus callosum (ARHSP-TCC) is a complex form of HSP initially described in Japan but subsequently reported to have a worldwide distribution with a particular high frequency in multiple families from the Mediterranean basin. We recently showed that ARHSP-TCC is commonly associated with mutations in SPG11/KIAA1840 on chromosome 15q. We have now screened a collection of new patients mainly originating from Italy and Brazil, in order to further ascertain the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, enlarge the ethnic origin of SPG11 patients, determine the relative frequency at the level of single Countries (i.e., Italy), and establish whether there is one or more common mutation. In 25 index cases we identified 32 mutations; 22 are novel, including 9 nonsense, 3 small deletions, 4 insertions, 1 in/del, 1 small duplication, 1 missense, 2 splice-site, and for the first time a large genomic rearrangement. This brings the total number of SPG11 mutated patients in the SPATAX collection to 111 cases in 44 families and in 17 isolated cases, from 16 Countries, all assessed using homogeneous clinical criteria. While expanding the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, this larger series also corroborated the notion that even within apparently homogeneous population a molecular diagnosis cannot be achieved without full gene sequencing.

Mantenedores de espacio. Investigación documental / Space maintainers. Documentary research

La presente investigación de tipo documental se ha realizado cuidadosamente sobre aspectos relacionados a los aparatos mantenedores de espacio tratando de incorporar en ella todos los elementos posibles relacionados con su aplicación clínica y científica. Incluyendo la descripción de cada uno de ellos, sus requisitos e indicaciones con una gráfica explicación acerca de los procesos de laboratorio para su fabricación y casos clínicos. Se describe historia del desarrollo de los mantenedores de espacio su definición, incluyendo estudios actualizados y clásicos sobre investigaciones de reconocida trayectoria y publicaciones de diversas fuentes bibliográficas en todo su contenido. Se hace especial interés en el conocimiento de fundamentos biológicos que deben tomarse en cuenta para el diseño y usos adecuados de estos aparatos. Una de las características de la Ortodoncia Actual es la preocupación por la intercepción de la maloclusión en la fase de la dentición mixta por ser la edad apropiada para actuar ortopédicamente sobre el desarrollo óseo y la erupción dentaria. (Bruzola, 1992) Según Escobar (1996) el objetivo primordial de los aparatos mantenedores de espacio es interrumpir o prevenir el potencial del desarrollo de la maloclusión y proveer un beneficio terapéutico. Según Canut Bruzola 1992 la ortodoncia está dirigida al hombre como ser social y está vinculada a la cultura de cada pueblo, a su momento histórico y circunstancias sociales, económicas y políticas que matizan la aplicación terapéutica y obligan a readaptar la indicación y objetivos biológicos. Desde este punto de vista esta investigación esperamos contribuya al aporte de conocimientos sobre los aparatos mantenedores de espacio a los estudiantes de Odontología y al odontólogo general salvadoreño y de esta manera sepa con juicio correcto aplicar estos aparatos de la forma más adecuada y beneficie a niños y niñas.

This documentary-type research has been carefully carried out on aspects related to space-maintaining devices, trying to incorporate into it all the possible elements related to its clinical and scientific application. Including the description of each one of them, their requirements and indications with a graphic explanation about the laboratory processes for their manufacture and clinical cases. The history of the development of space maintainers and their definition is described, including up-to-date and classic studies on well-known research and publications from various bibliographic sources in all its content. Special interest is made in the knowledge of biological foundations that must be taken into account for the design and proper uses of these devices. One of the characteristics of Current Orthodontics is the concern for the interception of the malocclusion in the mixed dentition phase because it is the appropriate age to act orthopedically on bone development and tooth eruption. (Bruzola, 1992) According to Escobar (1996) the primary objective of space-maintaining devices is to interrupt or prevent the potential for the development of malocclusion and provide a therapeutic benefit. According to Canut Bruzola 1992, orthodontics is aimed at man as a social being and is linked to the culture of each people, to their historical moment and social, economic and political circumstances that qualify the therapeutic application and force to readapt the indication and biological objectives. From this point of view, this research we hope will contribute to the contribution of knowledge about space-maintaining devices to dentistry students and the Salvadoran general dentist and in this way know with correct judgment to apply these devices in the most appropriate way and benefit children and girls