[Pyloric gland adenoma - a rare tumor of the upper gastrointestinal tract with a high risk of malignancy]. / Adenoma piloricheskikh zhelez ­ redkaya opukhol' verkhnikh otdelov zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta s vysokim riskom malignizatsii.

BACKGROUND: Pyloric gland adenomas (PGA) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. According to the literature, these lesions may be underdiagnosed, and their true frequency of occurrence is underestimated. OBJECTIVE: Clinical and morphological analysis of eight PGA cases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 8 cases of detection of PGA. In 7 out of 8 cases, the tumor was diagnosed by examining endoscopic biopsies, in 1 case, PGA was an accidental finding in the surgical material after proximal gastric resection. RESULTS: 6 out of 8 patients were female, the median age was 65 years (minimum 36 years and maximum 78 years). In 6 cases, PDA was localized in the stomach, in 1 - in the esophagus and in 1 - in the duodenum The size of the tumors ranged from 0.6 cm to 7.5 cm. 4 out of 6 stomach tumors appeared on the background of confirmed autoimmune gastritis, 1 - on the background of lymphocytic gastritis. 4 tumors were found in the body of the stomach, 1 - in the cardia, 1 - in the bottom of the stomach. In 2 out of 8 cases, there were signs of malignancy of the tumor with the transition to a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma. According to the results of the IHC study, the absence of a p53 mutation was noted in these cases. CONCLUSION: PGA should be considered as neoplasms with a high risk of transformation into invasive adenocarcinoma. Increasing the recognition of PGA among pathologists and further understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in their neoplastic transformation will improve the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology.

[Analysis of healthcare for patients with cardiovascular diseases in Russian Federation in comparison with the practice of Europe and USA].

The medical community, researchers and healthcare organizers are constantly challenged by comparing key indexes reflecting the effectiveness of cardiovascular care, primarily for the dynamic assessment and implementation of the world's best practices to reduce cardiovascular mortality. The analysis of health care for patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a complex, multicomponent process, the structure and key tools of which differ from country to country. Using different data sources, methodological and analytical approaches creates certain limitations and barriers to the assessment. In order to update the ideas about the modern coordinate system and tools for assessing cardiovascular care, the authors presented practices for analyzing major indexes in Russia, European countries, and the United States. The review presents sources of statistical data, principles for assessing risk factors, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and specific features of monitoring the availability and quality of cardiovascular care.

The effect of axotomy on firing and ultrastructure of the crayfish mechanoreceptor neurons and satellite glial cells.

Neurotrauma is among main causes of human disability and death. We studied effects of axotomy on ultrastructure and neuronal activity of a simple model object - an isolated crayfish stretch receptor that consists of single mechanoreceptor neurons (MRN) enwrapped by multilayer glial envelope. After isolation, MRN regularly fired until spontaneous activity cessation. Axotomy did not change significantly MRN spike amplitude and firing rate. However, the duration of neuron activity from MRN isolation to its spontaneous cessation decreased in axotomized MRN relative to intact neuron. [Ca2+] in MRN axon and soma increased 3-10 min after axotomy. Ca2+ entry through ion channels in the axolemma accelerated axotomy-stimulated firing cessation. MRN incubation with Ca2+ionophore ionomycin accelerated MRN inactivation, whereas Ca2+-channel blocker Cd2+ prolonged firing. Activity duration of either intact, or axotomized MRN did not change in the presence of ryanodine or dantrolene, inhibitors of ryanodin-sensitive Ca2+ channels in endoplasmic reticulum. Thapsigargin, inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, or its activator ochratoxin were ineffective. Ultrastructural study showed that the defect in the axon transected by thin scissors is sealed by fused axolemma, glial and collagen layers. Only the 30-50 µm long segment completely lost microtubules and contained swelled mitochondria. The microtubular bundle remained undamaged at 300 µm away from the axotomy site. However, mitochondria within the 200-300 µm segment were strongly condensed and lost matrix and cristae. Glial and collagen layers exhibited greater damage. Swelling and edema of glial layers, collagen disorganization and rupture occurred within this segment. Thus, axotomy stronger damages glia/collagen envelope, axonal microtubules and mitochondria.

[Central Sensitization Inventory - a Russian version]. / Oprosnik tsentral'noi sensitizatsii ­ russkoyazychnaya versiya.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a Russian version of The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI-R). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 3 stages: 1) direct and reverse translation, linguistic validation of the questionnaire; 2) assessment of internal consistency, reliability and sensitivity (n=50); 3) psychometric validation in the samples of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (n=40), chronic widespread pain (n=40), regional chronic low back pain without other specific pain complaints (n=40), and in the control sample of informants with no pain complaints (n=40). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Russian version of CSI-R is valid, reliable and can be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool for revealing central sensitization. The study of the sensitivity of the questionnaire in patients during drug therapy proved its effectiveness in assessing the dynamics of the disease and the effect of therapy.

Method of preparation, visualization and ultrastructural analysis of a formulation of probiotic Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 produced by solid-phase fermentation.

Probiotic preparations are used in medical treatment and in agricultural practice. They modulate numerous activities in eukaryotic hosts, such as: inhibition of pathogenic microbiota; stimulation of immunological responses; and production of antioxidants, anti-mutagens, and DNA protectors. Also, probiotic bacteria are used as a preventive measure to prevent bacterial diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Solid-phase fermentation is reported as being used in the production of probiotic formulations where a solid substratum, such as soy and oil meal, is utilized for the growth of beneficial microorganisms. However, there are insufficient reports in the literature related to methodological approaches enabling evaluation of the final products of solid-phase fermentation. We suggest a novel method enabling evaluation of probiotic solid-state fermentation dry powders and observation of their morphology, ultrastructure, and elucidation of the quantitative distribution of probiotic microorganisms in solid substrates using electron microscopy. •The method is intended for ultrastructure microphotography of dry substances - for example, ultrastructure of solid-phase fermentation products.•The method allows preserving the ultrastructure of substrates that are damaged when soaking.•The method does not require additional equipment and reagents and can be used in all laboratories using electron microscopy.

Laser-synthesized oxide-passivated bright Si quantum dots for bioimaging.

Crystalline silicon (Si) nanoparticles present an extremely promising object for bioimaging based on photoluminescence (PL) in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, but their efficient PL emission in aqueous suspension is typically observed after wet chemistry procedures leading to residual toxicity issues. Here, we introduce ultrapure laser-synthesized Si-based quantum dots (QDs), which are water-dispersible and exhibit bright exciton PL in the window of relative tissue transparency near 800 nm. Based on the laser ablation of crystalline Si targets in gaseous helium, followed by ultrasound-assisted dispersion of the deposited films in physiological saline, the proposed method avoids any toxic by-products during the synthesis. We demonstrate efficient contrast of the Si QDs in living cells by following the exciton PL. We also show that the prepared QDs do not provoke any cytoxicity effects while penetrating into the cells and efficiently accumulating near the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Combined with the possibility of enabling parallel therapeutic channels, ultrapure laser-synthesized Si nanostructures present unique object for cancer theranostic applications.

FEATURES ULTRASTRUCTURAL ORGANIZAITION OF SENSORY NEURONS IN THE ABDOMINAL MUSCLES RECEPTOR ORGANS CRAYFISH ASTACUS LEPTODACTYLUS.

Despite the fact that abdominal muscle receptor organ crayfish is one of the most thoroughly studied objects in neurobiology, the ultrastructural mechanisms that make up its two different operating systems are disclosed insufficiently as the focus of these papers was paid to the area of representation of dendrites of sensory neurons in the receptor muscles. Detailed comparative analysis of the fine structure of the soma sensory cells was not conducted. In the present study, we have investigated the ultrastructure of soma of slow- and fast-adapting sensory neurons of abdominal muscle receptor organ Astacus leptodactylus with special attention to the differences between the two systems. Differences in the fine structure of the main cell organelles have been identified and quantified. We have discovered a relatively high concentration of mitochondria in sensitive cells of slow type receptor as well as a large total area of tanks of the endoplasmic reticulum cells in neurons of faster system. We have assumed that the differences revealed in the fine structure of organelles in soma of sensory neurons between the two types of receptors might be partially responsible for the speed of adaptation and for sensitivity thresholds observed in the physiological experiments.

[The clinical economic rationale of practicability of immunologic examination of patients with chronic infectious inflammatory diseases].

The article presents the results of clinical economic analysis providing the evaluation of implementation of immunologic examination of patients with chronic infectious inflammatory diseases. To calculate the clinical economic indicators the factor costs and indirect costs were determined in case of immunologic examination and without examination according the data of prospective (80 patients) and retrospective study (500 outpatient cards). To evaluate the significance of approach based on immunologic examination methods the percentage of patients with relapse-free period was calculated. The clinical economic evaluation of methods of diagnostic and treatment made it possible to determine economic advantages of application of immunologic methods of examination independently of localization of chronic torpid process and to assess relationship between costs of immunologic methods of examination and effectiveness of applied treatment.

Dynamics of ultrastructural alterations in photosensitized crayfish glial and neuronal cells: Structures involved in transport processes and neuroglial interactions.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used for cancer treatment, including brain tumors. To explore the dynamics of photodynamic injury of glial cells and neurons and corresponding neuroglial interactions, we studied ultrastructure of the PDT-treated crayfish stretch receptor that consists of a single sensory neuron enwrapped by glial cells. Just after PDT, swelling of some mitochondria, dictyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum cisterns occurred in neurons and glial cells. Tubular lattices involved in intraglial transport became swollen and disintegrated. At 1 hr postirradiation, these alterations were expanded to the whole cells. Segregation of the neuronal cytoplasm by Nissl bodies, which were involved in protein synthesis and transport along neurites, was lost. Swelling of submembrane cisterns prevented formation of glial protrusions and double-wall vesicles involved in the glia-to-neuron transport. Five hours later, glial layers lost organelles, stuck together, or dilated locally as a result of edema. In the neuronal cytoplasm, only demises of ER and swollen mitochondria were present, but few mitochondria retained normal structure. Thus, swelling of intracellular organelles, the first sign of photodynamic injury, occurred simultaneously in neurons and glia, but glial organelles were eliminated more quickly. Therefore, glial cells were less resistant to PDT than neurons. Adjacent glial layers were damaged less than remote ones, suggesting their protection by the neuron. The structures involved in glia-to-neuron (neuronal submembrane cisterns, glial protrusions, double-wall vesicles), intraglial (tubular lattices), and intraneuronal (Nissl bodies, Golgi apparatus, microtubular bundles) transport were impaired at the earlier stages of stretch receptor damage.

[Characteristic of fatty acid metabolism in patients with CHD with affected and unaffected coronary arteries].

Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is coronary heart disease (CHD) in the absence of or with minimal atherosclerotic changes in coronary arteries. This condition has a more favourable prognosis than classical angina but is associated with relatively poor quality of life. None of the many hypothesis of angina pathogenesis in CSX patients explains it exhaustively. We undertook to consider minor atherosclerotic changes in patients with CSX based on modem concepts of atherogenesis implying its relation to the level and metabolism of lipid fatty acids. Comparative analysis of their composition in blood and saliva provided material for the characteristic of CHD patients with intact and affected coronary arteries.

The agonists for nociceptors are ubiquitous, but the modulators are specific: P2X receptors in the sensory neurons are modulated by cannabinoids.

P2X2 and P2X3 receptors expressed in mammalian sensory neurons participate in nociception. Cannabinoid receptors modulate nociceptive processing in various models of pain. They are also expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons. We have examined the effect of cannabinoids on the slow P2X2 and P2X2/3 receptors in the cells isolated from nodosal and dorsal root ganglia of rat. The study was carried out by means of the whole-cell patch clamp and rapid superfusion methods. We have found that both endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids (anandamide, WIN55,212-2, and (R)-(+)-methanandamide) inhibit the slow response to ATP mediated by P2X2 and P2X2/3 receptors in a majority of tested neurons. This inhibition was significant but only partial: anandamide (0.5-1 microM) inhibited the response to 51+/-21% of control. In the remaining minority of tested neurons, the response was transiently facilitated. The effect of cannabinoids appears to be mediated via cannabinoid CB(1) receptors: it was reversibly inhibited by selective CB(1) antagonist, SR141716A (10 microM). Introduction of cyclic AMP (0.5 mM) into the cell potently facilitated the inhibitory effect of cannabinoids: the ATP-activated current was inhibited to 13+/-10% of control. These data indicate that cannabinoids may inhibit nociceptive responses produced by P2X receptors.

Successful surgical treatment by extraanatomic bypass grafting of a pseudoaneurysm of anastomosis after aortic replacement for coarctation complicated by septic aortitis.

Presented herein are the results of successful surgical treatment by extraanatomic bypass grafting of coarctation of the aorta complicated by septic aortitis and a pseudoaneurysm of the anastomosis between the graft and aortic arch.

[Clinical manifestation of acute dysentery caused by the polyagglutinable strain of Shigella sonnei].

It was established, that clinical manifestation of acute dysentery caused by the polyagglutinable strain of Sonne shigellosis is characterized by acute onset of the disease, general toxic syndrome (high body temperature up mild pyrexia, chill, headache, low appetite) and in 6-24 hours followed by gastric indigestion resembling acute enterocolitis. In general, there have not been severe and lingering forms of the disease. Etiotropic and pathogenetic treatments are leading procedure in care of such patients.

[Atmospheric pollution as a health risk factor in children and adolescence]. / Atmosfernye zagriazneniia kak faktor riska dlia zdorov'ia detskogo i podrostnovogo naseleniia.

Atmospheric pollution is an essential health risk factor. The present-day considerable rise in the incidence and prevalence of diseases among children and adolescents suggest that there is an excess of ecological pressure above the body's functional capacities of their adaptation. Children of the first year of life are the most vulnerable group. They are at the highest risk of death and disease with high technogenic loads (2.15-6.33 units).

Novel superconducting semiconducting superlattices: dislocation-induced superconductivity?

Novel superconducting superlattices with transition temperature in the range 2.5-6.4 K consisting only of semiconducting materials are discovered. Among them there are multilayers, including a wide-gap semiconductor as one of the components. It is shown that superconductivity is connected with the interfaces between two semiconductors containing regular grids of the misfit dislocations. The possibility of the dislocation-induced superconductivity is discussed.

[Specific aspects of pathogenesis and strategies in the comprehensive surgical treatment of the diabetic foot in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Osoblyvosti patohenezu, taktyka i stratehiia kompleksnoho khirurhichnoho likuvannia nekrotychno-zapal'noho urazhennia stopy u khvorykh na tsukrovyi diabet.

Retrospective analysis of complex surgical treatment of 590 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), complicated by necrotic-inflammatory affection (NIAF) of foot for 1991-2000 yrs period was conducted. At the time of first hospitalization age of patients had constituted at average (60.3 +/- 0.4) yr, duration of DM--(14.1 +/- 0.3) yr, in 11.2% patients DM was revealed for the first time. High amputation of lower extremity was done in 147 (35.1%) of 419 patients with disorders of its arterial blood supply, postoperative lethality had constituted 10.2%, general lethality--6.4%. Duration of stay in hospital had constituted at average (52.8 +/- 0.4) days. Strategy of complex surgical treatment of NIAF envisages: survival of the patient; complete healing (epithelization) of operative wound; securing the supportive function of foot. Disorder of sequence of this principles causes the increase of the reoperations frequency, lethality and material expenses. The problem solution envisages not so much the struggle with vascular consequences of DM, as prophylaxis of occurrence of these complications.