[Results of a complex evaluation of accommodative asthenopia in using different-design video monitors]. / Rezul'taty kompleksnoi otsenki akkomodativnoi astenopii pri rabote s videomonitorami razlichnoi konstruktsii.

Eighty volunteer computer operators were examined experimentally under the conditions of working with different-type video monitors, i.e. electron-beam (EB), liquid-crystal (LC), including different visual loads (typing, computer games, and gaze fixation). Experiments lasted for as long as 6 hours. The absolute accommodation volume (AAV), relative accommodation reserve (RAR) and ergograms were comparatively evaluated. A lower AAV was registered in all types of visual loads under the conditions of using different-type monitors, and it made up 0.27-1.08 diopters. A maximum reduction of AAV was detected for gaze fixation and while working with liquid-crystal monitors. The RAR reduction ranged from 0.31 to 0.63 diopters. A maximum RAR reduction was noted for gaze fixation and while using the electronic-beam monitors. The nature of changed ergography curves occurred within the interval between I and IIb types of ergograms. In case of typing, the ergogram deviations were registered to a greater extent for the liquid-crystal monitors. The value of deviations for computer games was bigger, at the experiment end, for EB rather than for LC.

[Role of spectral filters for refraction dynamics in computer users]. / Rol' spektral'nykh fil'trov v dinamike refraktsii u pol'zovatelei komp'iuterami.

The influence of the spectral-filter (SF) spectacles (when used for an extended time period--for 4 years), produced on the eye refraction of computer users, was studied. The persons in the main and control groups (mean age was, respectively, 49.46 +/- 2.27 and 46.0 +/- 3.28 years, and mean refraction was, respectively, -0.71 +/- 0.42 and -0.88 +/- 0.5 diopters) used the computers on the daily basis for as long as 4 hours during 4 years. A reliable weakening of refraction in its both variants (i.e. reduction of myopia by 0.16 +/- 0.06 diopters, and an increase of hypermetropia by 0.19 +/- 0.04 diopters) was registered in the main group in case of a prolonged use of the SF spectacles. As for the control group, a reliable increase of myopia by 0.25 +/- 0.06 diopters was noted in operators with myopia, and a reliable weakening of refraction (a growth in the level of hypermetropia) by 27 +/- 0.05 diopters was found in operators with hypermetropia and emmetropia. According to questionnaire results, 88.2% of computer operators, who used the SF spectacles, managed to preserve the initial improvement of comfort, while the comfort degree worsened in 11.8% of them.

[Accommodation in the young age. Norm and pathology]. / Akkomodatsiia v molodom vozraste. Norma i patologiia.

The review describes the main provisions of theories and understanding related with the physiology and pathology of accommodation from the time of Helmholtz up to the present-day; besides, methods of therapy and prophylaxis in accommodation disturbances in young people are summarized.

[Prevention of visual fatigue in computer users by eyeglasses with spectral filters]. / Profilaktika zritel'nogo utomleniia u pol'zovatelei komp'iuterami s pomoshch'iu ochkov so spektral'nym fil'trom.

Color-contrast optic filters are developed for improving the color discriminating capacity of eyes exposed to video display terminals. These filters are applied as a coating on correcting or common glasses. Effects of such eyeglasses on visual functions accommodation, frequency-contrast sensitivity, and critical frequency of flashes fusion (CFFF) were studied in 23 PC users with visual acuity of 1.0 with correction. Wearing of eyeglasses with filters promoted shifting of the most distant point of clear vision further and increased the accommodation volume, contrast sensitivity at the low and decreased it at the medium and high frequencies. CFFF was not changed. Wearing of eyeglasses with filters for 4 h of working at a display caused shifting of the nearest and most distant points of clear vision in comparison with the control group with the accommodation volume unchanged and preserved the high contrast sensitivity at the mean and low frequencies during the entire period of work. No changes in CFFF were noted. After 4 weeks of using eyeglasses with spectral filters, 86.9% of volunteers noted an improvement of visual working capacity and 13.1% considered there was no difference. Hence, eyeglasses with spectral filters are recommended as an ophthalmological measure preventing visual fatigue during long work with video displays.

[Use of laser speckle in occupational eye diseases]. / Ispol'zovanie lazernogo spekla pri professional'noi oftal'mopatii.

Forty-one diamond sorters aged 18 to 45 with occupational ophthalmopathy (asthenotopic complaints and accommodation disorders) were treated. In 35 female workers the vision acuity without correction was equal to 1.0, in 5 to 0.2-0.8 because of slight myopia. He-Ne LG-52-2 laser specle was used in the treatment. The training was carried out using modified method of accommodation "swinging" after V.V. Volkov and L.N. Kolesnikova. The course of treatment lasted for 10 days. The most appreciable shifts occurred in the nearest vision zone. The nearest point became closer to the eye by 0.55 +/- 0.02 diopters, the furthest became still further by 0.33 +/- 0.01 diopters. Relative accommodation reserve increased by 0.34 +/- 0.03 diopters. Asthenotopic complaints completely disappeared in 25 subjects and noticeably reduced in 4. Such exercises are recommended for subjects with asthenopia engaged in precision work.

[State of accommodation depending on age of emmetropic and hypermetropic subjects engaged in diamond sorting]. / Sostoianie akkomodatsii u émmetropov i gipermetropov, zaniatykh sortirovkoi almazov, v zavisimosti ot vozrasta.

Accommodation was studied in 449 diamond sorters aged 17 to 51 engaged in this work for 1 to 34 years with emmetropic and hypermetropic refraction. Questionnaires helped detect subjects who had no complaints of vision (group A) and those with asthenopia complaints (group B). In both groups, in emmetropic and hypermetropic subjects, the furthest point of clear vision was converging the eye by 1.96 +/- 0.04 diopters on an average, that is, there was pseudomyopia. In hypermetropic subjects with occupational ophthalmopathy the nearest point is withdrawn starting from the age of 31-35 till it merges with the furthest point in subjects over 45, that is, the accommodation volume becomes nearly nuel. The results of this study contradict the assumption existing in ophthalmology about an earlier onset of presbyopia in hypermetropia than in other types of refraction. Early correction of near vision is connected with superimposition of accommodation deterioration in ametropia. It is recommended to carry out rehabilitative measure as soon as the first asthenopia signs manifest; these measures should be aimed at weakening of refraction by the site of the furthest clear vision point. In subjects aged 31-35 with occupational ophthalmopathy refraction by the nearest clear vision point should be enhanced if possible.

[Occupational ophthalmopathy]. / Professional'naia oftal'mopatiia.

The authors describe a syndrome diagnosed in workers who perform tasks requiring visual strain. The syndrome comprises worse visual control, discomfort in orbital area and characteristic changes of refraction and accommodation. The young people having emmetropia and myopia demonstrate temporary and later consistent increase of refraction, and the elderly ones--decreased refraction and early development of presbyopia. In both cases marked fall of accommodation was shown. The article suggests also a possible scheme describing pathogenesis of the syndrome.

[Ophthalmopathy caused by precision work of sorters of precious stones]. / Oftal'mopatiia pri pretsizionnoi rabote u sortirovshchits dragotsennykh kamnei.

A total of 440 female workers aged 17 to 50, whose work records ranged from 1 to 29 years, engaged in grading the diamonds by the color, shape, size, and quality (a total of 24 to 33 positions) were examined. A random sample of 110 subjects was singled out; this sample was divided into 2 equal groups with or without asthenopic complaints. The refraction, absolute accommodation volume, and relative accommodation reserves were under study. Comparison of these two groups of workers has shown that subjects with precision ophthalmopathy show a trend to a higher incidence of myopia, reduction of the absolute accommodation volume by 1.6 diopters and of the relative accommodation reserves by 1.3 diopters.