Different Transcriptomic Response to T. cruzi Infection in hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes From Chagas Disease Patients With and Without Chronic Cardiomyopathy.

Chagas disease is a tropical zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. After infection, the host present an acute phase, usually asymptomatic, in which an extensive parasite proliferation and intense innate immune activity occurs, followed by a chronic phase, characterized by low parasitemia and development of specific immunity. Most individuals in the chronic phase remain without symptoms or organ damage, a state called indeterminate IND form. However, 20 to 40% of individuals develop cardiac or gastrointestinal complications at any time in life. Cardiomyocytes have an important role in the development of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) due to transcriptional and metabolic alterations that are crucial for the parasite survival and replication. However, it still not clear why some infected individuals progress to a cardiomyopathy phase, while others remain asymptomatic. In this work, we used hiPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) to investigate patterns of infection, proliferation and transcriptional response in IND and CCC patients. Our data show that T. cruzi infection and proliferation efficiency do not differ significantly in PBMCs and hiPSC-CM from both groups. However, RNA-seq analysis in hiPSC-CM infected for 24 hours showed a significantly different transcriptional response to the parasite in cells from IND or CCC patients. Cardiomyocytes from IND showed significant differences in the expression of genes related to antigen processing and presentation, as well as, immune co-stimulatory molecules. Furthermore, the downregulation of collagen production genes and extracellular matrix components was significantly different in these cells. Cardiomyocytes from CCC, in turn, showed increased expression of mTORC1 pathway and unfolded protein response genes, both associated to increased intracellular ROS production. These data point to a differential pattern of response, determined by baseline genetic differences between groups, which may have an impact on the development of a chronic outcome with or without the presentation of cardiac symptoms.

Sex-Specific Effects of Gender Identification on Pain Study Recruitment.

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies show sex differences in pain responses, with women more sensitive to nociceptive stimulation and more vulnerable to long-term pain conditions than men. Because of evidence that men are culturally reinforced for the ability to endure (or under-report) pain, some of these findings might be explained by sociocultural beliefs about gender-appropriate behavior. One potential manifestation of these effects might be differential participation in pain studies, with men adhering to stereotypical masculine roles viewing participation as a way to demonstrate their masculinity. To test this possibility, we assessed gender identification in 137 healthy participants. At the end of the assessment, they were asked if they would like to participate in other research studies. Interested participants were then asked to participate in a study involving administration of pain-evoking stimulation. We compared individuals who agreed to participate in the pain study with those who declined. We observed a significant Sex × Participation interaction in masculine gender identification, such that men (but not women) who agreed to participate identified significantly more with masculine gender. Among masculine gender traits examined, we found that high levels of aggression and competitiveness were the strongest predictors of pain study participation. Our results suggest that men in pain studies might have higher levels of masculine gender identification than the wider male population. Taken together with previous findings of lower levels of pain sensitivity (or reporting) in masculine-identifying male participants, these results suggest an explanation for some of the sex-related differences observed in pain responses. PERSPECTIVE: To examine whether sex and gender affect willingness to participate in pain studies, we assessed gender identification in men and women, then attempted to recruit them to participate in a pain study. Men who agree to participate in pain studies are significantly higher in masculine gender identification than men who decline to participate or women who agree to participate. Men who agreed to participate were rated particularly high in aggressiveness and competitiveness.

The elephant brain in numbers.

What explains the superior cognitive abilities of the human brain compared to other, larger brains? Here we investigate the possibility that the human brain has a larger number of neurons than even larger brains by determining the cellular composition of the brain of the African elephant. We find that the African elephant brain, which is about three times larger than the human brain, contains 257 billion (10(9)) neurons, three times more than the average human brain; however, 97.5% of the neurons in the elephant brain (251 billion) are found in the cerebellum. This makes the elephant an outlier in regard to the number of cerebellar neurons compared to other mammals, which might be related to sensorimotor specializations. In contrast, the elephant cerebral cortex, which has twice the mass of the human cerebral cortex, holds only 5.6 billion neurons, about one third of the number of neurons found in the human cerebral cortex. This finding supports the hypothesis that the larger absolute number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex (but not in the whole brain) is correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans compared to elephants and other large-brained mammals.

Prenatal, perinatal and neonatal stimulation: a survey of neonatal nurseries.

A recent survey was conducted on stimulation of mothers and babies during pregnancy and the neonatal period. The survey was responded to by 82 neonatology staff members from Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) at hospitals in the United States. Some forms of stimulation were extremely common including (1) skin-to-skin following birth in the delivery room (83% of hospitals); (2) containment (swaddling and surrounded by blanket rolls) in the NICU (86%); (3) music in the NICU (72%); (4) rocking in the NICU (85%); (5) kangaroo care (98%); (6) non-nutritive sucking during tubefeedings in the NICU (96%); and (7) breastfeeding in the NICU (100%). Other forms of stimulation occurred less frequently including (1) pregnancy massage (19%); (2) labor massage (30%); (3) the Doula (assistant who comforts during labor and delivery) (30%); (4) waterbeds in the NICU (23%); and (5) preterm infant massage in the NICU (38%).

Mothers' depressed mood and anxiety levels are reduced after massaging their preterm infants.

Forty mothers whose preterm infants were about to be discharged from the Neonatal Intermediate Care Nursery (NICU) were randomly assigned to two groups: the first group of mothers conducted preterm infant massage and the second group only observed their preterm infants receiving massage. Both groups of mothers had lower depressed mood scores following the session. However, only the group who massaged their infants had lower anxiety scores after the session.

Lavender fragrance cleansing gel effects on relaxation.

Alertness, mood, and math computations were assessed in 11 healthy adults who sniffed a cosmetic cleansing gel with lavender floral blend aroma, developed to be relaxing using Mood Mapping. EEG patterns and heart rate were also recorded before, during, and after the aroma session. The lavender fragrance blend had a significant transient effect of improving mood, making people feel more relaxed, and performing the math computation faster. The self-report and physiological data are consistent with relaxation profiles during other sensory stimuli such as massage and music, as reported in the literature. The data suggest that a specific cosmetic fragrance can have a significant role in enhancing relaxation.

O bebê pré-termo: intervenção precoce visando à melhoria da interação mãe-bebê

Entre os fatores que afetam a interação precoce destaca-se a prematuridade do bebê, que traz dificuldades específicas para a interação mãe-bebê pelas particularidades inerentes a condição do recém-nascido pré-termo. A mãe tende a se sentir desemparada frente a um bebê frágil que precisa permanecer dentro de uma incubadora, necessitando de cuidados especiais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos de dois tipos de intervenção, tanto na qualidade de interação mãe-bebê, como para evolução fisiológica do bebê. Participaram do estudo 12 díades mãe-bebê pré-termo de baixo peso, todos clinicamente estáveis. As díades foram disignadas a um de dois grupos: Grupo 1, submetido a intervenção envolvendo estimulação tátil realizada pela mãe; ou Grupo 2, que foi submetido a intervenção que enfatizou a fala afetiva da mãe com o bebê. Um grupo controle de 12 díades emparelhadas por sexo e peso do pré-termo foram também recrutados, mas não foram submetidos a intervenções. As intervenções foram realizadas durante 15 minutos por dia, estendendo-se por 2 semanas, num total de quinze sessões. A segunda, oitava e última sessões foram filmadas. As mães foram entrevistadas antes, durante e após o período de intervenção, com o objetivo de examinar suas impressões e sentimentos frente a seu bebê pré-termo. Dados diários sobre a evolução fisiológica dos bebês foram também obtidos. Análise de conteúdo das entrevistas mostrou um grande desamparo e culpa destas mães que não puderam levar suas gestações a termo. Além disso, elas expressaram dificuldades em enfrentar o ambiente neonatal, medo de tocar/machucar e de perder seu bebê. Uma avaliação qualitativa das intervenções realizadas mostrou que um dos efeitos imediatos da estimulação tátil foi um aumento na atividade do bebê pré-termo. Contudo, para alguns bebês a estimulação tátil parecia estar fortemente associada a sua desorganização, pois eles mostravam-se agitados. Além disto, a estimulação tátil era por vezes realizada de forma mecânica, sem que a mãe ficasse face a face com o bebê, levando a intereções assincrônicas. Apesar disto, a estimulação tátil pode ter um efeito positivo para o bebê se a mãe for sensível e estiver atenta ao seu bebê, observando qual o toque que mais o satisfaz e o que lhe irrita...(AU)