Modulation-format-independent in-band OSNR monitoring technique using Gaussian process regression for a Raman amplified multi-span system with a cascaded filtering effect.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an accurate modulation-format-indepen-dent and cascaded filtering effect (CFE) insensitive in-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring technique enabled by Gaussian process regression (GPR) utilizing a widely tunable optical bandpass filter (OBPF) and optical power measurements. By adjusting the center frequency of a widely tunable OBPF and measuring the corresponding output optical power as the input features of GPR, the proposed OSNR monitoring technique is experimentally proven to be transparent to modulation formats and robust to CFE, chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and nonlinear effect (NLE). Experimental results for 9-channel 32Gbaud PDM-16QAM signals with 50GHz channel spacing demonstrate OSNR monitoring with the root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.429 dB and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.294 dB, in the OSNR range of -1∼30 dB. Even better, our proposed technique has the potential to be employed for link monitoring at the intermediation nodes and can eliminate the necessity to know the transmission information.

Impacts of backscattering noises on upstream signals in full-duplex bidirectional PONs.

The backscattering noises introduced by Rayleigh and stimulated Brillouin scattering have been experimentally studied by means of their spectrum broadening, the scattering power variation and their impacts on upstream signals with different transmission fiber lengths and incident powers in a single-fiber bidirectional passive optical network (PON) communication system. The results show that both spontaneous scattering and simulated scattering can take place. The power and spectrum of backscattering noises are determined by the downstream launch power, laser linewidth and transmission fiber length. With the transmission length increasing, the power of backscattering noises gets higher, the spectrum of the backscattering noise broadens and the simulated threshold power decreases. The backscattering noise can beat with uplink light to modulate envelop of upstream signal resulting in degradation of BER greatly. Under the condition of one single channel for the second next generation PON (NG-PON2), the fiber length is 40km and downstream launch power is up to 11dBm. At this time, the backscattering noises are easy to be stimulated and the scattering power rises up from -20dBm to 10dBm, which can overwhelm the US signal. The spectrum of the optical beat interference noise also rises up with fiber length, which causes the uplink's BER degradation. The experimental results are significant for mitigation of backscattering noises under the condition of bidirectional PONs.