Ethical Considerations and Fundamental Principles of Large Language Models in Medical Education: A Viewpoint.

UNSTRUCTURED: This viewpoint article first explores the ethical challenges associated with the future application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of medical education. These challenges include not only ethical concerns related to the development of LLMs, such as artificial intelligence (AI) hallucinations, information bias, privacy and data risks, and deficiencies in terms of transparency and interpretability but also issues concerning the application of LLMs, including deficiencies in emotional intelligence, educational inequities, problems with academic integrity, and questions of responsibility and copyright ownership. This paper then analyzes existing AI-related legal and ethical frameworks and highlights their limitations with regard to the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. To ensure that LLMs are integrated in a responsible and safe manner, the authors recommend the development of a unified ethical framework that is specifically tailored for LLMs in this field. This framework should be based on eight fundamental principles: quality control and supervision mechanisms; privacy and data protection; transparency and interpretability; fairness and equal treatment; academic integrity and moral norms; accountability and traceability; protection and respect for intellectual property; and the promotion of educational research and innovation. The authors further discuss specific measures that can be taken to implement these principles, thereby laying a solid foundation for the development of a comprehensive and actionable ethical framework. Such a unified ethical framework based on these eight fundamental principles can provide clear guidance and support for the application of LLMs in the context of medical education. This approach can help establish a balance between technological advancement and ethical safeguards, thereby ensuring that medical education can progress without compromising the principles of fairness, justice, or patient safety and establishing a more equitable, safer, and more efficient environment for medical education.

Evaluation of the relation of the different leg deep vein thrombosis to the pulmonary embolism by computed tomography pulmonary angiography / 中国医师杂志

Objective To evaluate the incidence and severity of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with different leg deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA).Methods A total of 145 cases who had been confirmed DVT and undergone CTPA were retrospectively analyzed.The DVTs were divided into left side DVT,right side DVT,and bilateral lower DVT groups.The incidence of PE was compared among different groups.CT obstruction index (CTI) was used to estimate the severity of pulmonary artery obstruction.DVT/PEs with CTI were compared among different groups.Results The incidence of PE of the bilateral lower DVT group was 71.4％,which was higher than that in left side DVT group (39.2％).However,no significant difference was found between bilateral lower DVT group and right side DVT group (52.9％) (P ＞ 0.05).The CTI of the bilateral lower DVT (30.20±14.20)％ was higher than that of the left side DVT (19.26 ± 14.02)％ and the right side DVT (18.56 ±11.79) ％ (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The bilateral lower DVT was more likely complicated with PE than the left side DVT,the severity of pulmonary artery obstruction of the bilateral lower DVT with PE patient was higher than that of single side DVT with PE patient.

TriVex based transilluminated powered phlebectomy staged management for lower limb vein ulcers / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective To evaluate TriVex based transilluminated powered phlebectomy (TIPP)three-stage management for lower limb venous ulcers.Methods This retrospective study included 86 patients with 103 diseased limbs treated in our hospital from October 2005 to July 2013.All received TriVex TIPP three-stage management.Results After therapy there was no acute cellulitis,skin necrosis nor lower limb deep venous thrombosis.There were 2 cases of subcutaneous ecchymosis,1 case of subcutaneous hematoma,1 case of skin abnormal sensation and 1 case of subcutaneous induration.Ulcers healed within one month postoperation in all cases,while skin abnomalities were alleviated with no ulcer recurrence during the follow-up ranging from 4 to 48 months.Conclusions TriVex TIPP centered threestage management is a good option for lower limb venous ulcer,with shortened healing time,low recurrence rate.

The relationship between C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen in GCF and periodental indexes / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To detect the correlativity between clinical periodental indexes and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX)concentration in gingival crevicular fluid(GCF).Methods:77 teeth with periodontitis in 60 patients from the international Bethune peace hospital were included.The concentration of CTX in GCF was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The plague indexe(PL),gingival indexe(GI),probing depth(PD)and attachment loss (AL)level were recorded at clinic.The correla-tion of CTX concentration and clinic indexes was analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS 1 1 .0 software.Results:The Spearman correlation coefficient of PL,GI,PD and AL with CTX was 0.386(P <0.01 ),0.366(P <0.05),0.382(P <0.05)and 0.31 4(P <0.05)respectively.Conclusion:PL,GI,PD and AL are positively correlated with the concentration of CTX in GCF(P <0.05).

Clinical analysis of effects of statins in adjuvant treatment of 108 patients with cerebral infarction / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the effect of statin in treatment of hypertensive atherosclerotic patients with cerebral infarction and the its effect in prevention cerebral infarction recurrence.Methods 108 hypertension patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction were randomly divided into two groups,each group had 54 cases.The control group received conventional treatment;the observation group was given combination therapy with statin and the conventional treatment.The efficacy was evaluated after 2 months.The blood pressure,blood lipid and cerebral function,cerebral infarction recurrence within 1 year after treatment in the two groups were observed.The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared.Results After treatment,blood pressure,blood lipid indexes and brain function of the observation group were better than those of the control group(all P ＜ 0.05).The total effective rate of the observation group was 100％,which was higher than 76％ in the control group(x2 =9.488,P ＜ 0.05).The control group had 12 cases of recurrence(recurrence rate 22％),1 case recurrence in the observation group(recurrence rate 2％),with no significant difference between two groups (x2 =13.277,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of statins in the treatment and prevention of hypertension atherosclerotic cerebral infarction is safe and significant,which is worth to use in clinical practice.

An antimetastatic study of Arg-Asp (RD) on salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma in vivo / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To test the antimetastatic effects of Arg-Asp (RD) on salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC-LM) in vivo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RD was administered orally to experimental metastasized nude mice. The pulmonary metastatic foci number and survival were determined to assay the antimetastatic effects of RD.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>30 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg of RD demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the pulmonary metastatic foci formation. All of the tested dosages (7.5 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg) of RD prolonged the survival.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Oral administration of RD has a antimetastatic effect on SACC-LM. RD is low toxicity.</p>