Taxonomic Changes for Human and Animal Viruses, 2018 to 2020.

The classification of viruses is relevant to a number of scientific and clinical disciplines, including the practice of diagnostic virology. Here, we provide an update to our previous review of taxonomic changes for disease-causing viruses in humans and vertebrate animals, covering changes between 2018 and 2020. Recent advances in virus taxonomy structure by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses inform this update.

Taxonomic Changes for Human and Animal Viruses, 2016 to 2018.

The classification of viruses provides the structure necessary to appreciate their biological diversity. Herein, we provide an update to our previous review of changes in viral taxonomy, covering changes between 2016 and 2018.

Taxonomic Changes and Additions for Human and Animal Viruses, 2012 to 2015.

Taxonomical classification of newly discovered viruses and reclassification of previously discovered viruses provide an important foundation for detailing biological differences of scientific and clinical interest. The development of molecular analytical methods has enabled finer levels and more precise levels of classification. Periodically, there is need to refresh the literature and common understanding of current taxonomic classification, which we attempt to do here in addressing changes in human and animal viruses of medical significance between 2012 and 2015.

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.