Undermining and bullying in surgical training: A review and recommendations by the Association of Surgeons in Training.

The 2012 General Medical Council National Trainees' Survey found that 13% of UK trainees had experienced undermining or bullying in the workplace. The Association of Surgeons in Training subsequently released a position statement raising concerns stemming from these findings, including potential compromise to patient safety. This article considers the impact of such behaviour on the NHS, and makes recommendations for creating a positive learning environment within the NHS at national, organisational, and local levels. The paper also discusses the nature of issues within the UK, and pathways through which trainees can seek help.

A cross sectional study of surgical training among United Kingdom general practitioners with specialist interests in surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Increasing numbers of minor surgical procedures are being performed in the community. In the UK, general practitioners (family medicine physicians) with a specialist interest (GPwSI) in surgery frequently undertake them. This shift has caused decreases in available cases for junior surgeons to gain and consolidate operative skills. This study evaluated GPwSI's case-load, procedural training and perceptions of offering formalised operative training experience to surgical trainees. DESIGN: Prospective, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A novel, 13-item, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to members of the Association of Surgeons in Primary Care (ASPC). A total 113 of 120 ASPC members completed the questionnaire, representing a 94% response rate. Respondents were general practitioners practising or intending to practice surgery in the community. RESULTS: Respondents performed a mean of 38 (range 5-150) surgical procedures per month in primary care. 37% (42/113) of respondents had previously been awarded Membership or Fellowship of a Surgical Royal College; 22% (25/113) had completed a surgical certificate or diploma or undertaken a course of less than 1 year duration. 41% (46/113) had no formal British surgical qualifications. All respondents believed that surgical training in primary care could be valuable for surgical trainees, and the majority (71/113, 63%) felt that both general practice and surgical trainees could benefit equally from such training. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant volume of surgical procedures being undertaken in the community by general practitioners, with the capacity and appetite for training of prospective surgeons in this setting, providing appropriate standards are achieved and maintained, commensurate with current standards in secondary care. Surgical experience and training of GPwSI's in surgery is highly varied, and does not yet benefit from the quality assurance secondary care surgical training in the UK undergoes. The Royal Colleges of Surgery and General Practice are well placed to invest in such infrastructure to provide long-term, high-quality service and training in the community.

Surgical training in primary care: consensus recommendations by the Association of Surgeons in Training.

Health service reconfigurations may result in increasing numbers of minor surgical procedures migrating from secondary care in hospitals to primary care in the community. Procedures may be performed by General Practitioners with a specialist interest in Surgery, or secondary care Surgeons who are sub-contracted to perform procedures in the community. Surgical training in such procedures, which are currently hospital based, may therefore be adversely affected unless surgical training also takes advantage of these opportunities. There is potential for surgical trainees to benefit from training in the community setting. ASiT supports the development of formal surgical training in the community setting for junior surgical trainees, providing high standards of patient care and training provision are ensured. Anticipated problems relating to the migration of surgical services to the community relate to the availability and quality assurance of training opportunities in primary care, its funding, including exposure to issues of indemnity cover for trainees, and also the release of surgical trainees from hospital duties in order to attend these training opportunities. These consensus recommendations set out a framework through which both patient care and training remain at the forefront of these continued service reconfigurations.

A pilot study of extralevator abdominoperineal excision for primary melanoma of the anorectum.

Melanoma of the anorectum represents <2 % of all anorectal cancers and 0.3 % of all primary melanomas. Prognosis is poor, and optimal surgical management is controversial. This series details the surgical management of patients with anorectal melanoma presenting between 2002 and 2013 to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK, a tertiary referral centre for colorectal disease. A retrospective review of patient notes, histology reports, and clinical letters was used to assess perioperative course and long-term outcome of all surgical methods. Eight patients with a median age of 65.5 presented with primary anorectal melanoma during the study period. Six cases were staged as T4 pre-operatively, with two referred as incompletely excised polyps. All eight patients underwent abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (APER), with the most recent four cases undergoing extralevator APER. Clear resection margins were achieved in three out of the four patients in the extralevator APER group with no nodal spread detected at histological assessment. Extralevator APER appears to be feasible and safe in the treatment of melanoma of the anorectum, with 75 % medium-term survival (median 38 months) in selected patients. As it is known that clear margins at surgery are associated with disease-free survival, the wider excision margin at the level of the pelvic floor offered by extralevator APER could result in more favourable surgical outcomes in this prognostically poor malignancy.

Same-day assessment and management of urgent (2-week wait) colorectal referrals: an analysis of the outcome of 1606 patients attending an endoscopy unit-based colorectal clinic.

AIM: The Rapid Access Diagnosis and Remedy (RADAR) clinic combines 2-week wait (TWW) specialist consultation with 'straight-to-test' flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) for left-sided 'red-flag' TWW criteria (excluding right-sided mass or iron-deficiency anaemia). The study aims were to determine the effectiveness of RADAR in differentiating colorectal cancer from benign disease and to evaluate the need for whole colonic investigation (WCI) following FS, in symptomatic patients. METHOD: Prospectively collated data of all RADAR patients from November 2005 to November 2009 were analysed, excluding patients referred internally for a FS. The local histology database was later interrogated to detect any missed cancers. RESULTS: Of 1690 patients (729 men; median (range) age: 68 (18-96) years) assessed in RADAR, 84 were excluded. Colorectal cancer (CRC) was diagnosed in 117 (7.3%). Eighty-seven cancers were diagnosed on the day of attendance and a further 13 within a week (88.9% overall). Two patients after a cancer-free FS were found to have a right-sided CRC on WCI (0.24%) and one synchronous cancer was found. No patient with a cancer-free FS having a WCI was subsequently found to have CRC at a median of 35 (12-58) months. CONCLUSION: Flexible sigmoidoscopy, in the context of an endoscopy unit TWW clinic, allows same-day diagnosis of most patients referred with left-sided symptoms, and immediate reassurance and treatment of most benign diagnoses. For these patients, the use of routine WCI following a cancer-free FS does not appear to be beneficial. Adopting this system would significantly reduce the number of barium enemas and colonoscopies currently performed.

Developing future surgical workforce structures: a review of post-training non-Consultant grade specialist roles and the results of a national trainee survey from the Association of Surgeons in Training.

The optimal workforce model for surgery has been much debated historically; in particular, whether there should be a recognised role for those successfully completing training employed as non-Consultant grade specialists. This role has been termed the 'sub-consultant' grade. This paper discusses historical and future career structures in surgery, draws international comparisons, and presents the results of a national trainee survey examining the post-Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) non-consultant specialist grade. Junior doctors in surgical training (i.e. pre-CCT) were invited to participate in an electronic, 38-item, self-administered national training survey. Of 1710 questionnaires submitted, 1365 were appropriately completed and included in the analysis. Regarding the question 'Do you feel that there is a role in the surgical workforce for a post-CCT non-consultant specialist ("sub-consultant") grade in surgery?', 56.0% felt there was no role, 31.1% felt there was a role and 12.8% were uncertain. Only 12.6% of respondents would consider applying for such a post, while 72.4% would not and 15.0% were uncertain. Paediatric (23.3%), general (15.7%) and neurosurgery (11.6%) were the specialties with the highest proportions of trainees prepared to consider applying for such a role. For both questions, there was a significant gender difference in responses (p < 0.0001, Chi-square test) with female trainees more likely to consider applying. Overall 50.8% of respondents felt that the introduction of a post-CCT non-consultant specialist grade would impact positively upon service provision, however, only 21.6% felt it would have a positive impact on patient care, 13.9% a positive impact on surgical training, 11.1% a positive impact on the surgical profession and just 7.9% a positive impact on their surgical career. This survey indicates that the introduction of a 'sub-consultant' grade for surgeons who have completed training would be unpopular, with the majority believing it would be to the detriment of both patient care and surgical training. Changes to surgical career structures must be made in the interests of patient safety and quality, and on this basis ASiT supports the continued provision of primarily Consultant-delivered care.

The influence of socio-economic deprivation on rates of major lower limb amputation secondary to peripheral arterial disease.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate a hypothesised link between socio-economic deprivation and rates of major lower limb amputation within the catchment of a district general hospital in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: An analysis of a demographic database collated using patients identified by the OPCS codes for lower limb amputations. MATERIALS: All patients undergoing a lower limb amputation as a result of peripheral vascular disease, as identified by ICD-10 code, between January 2003 and January 2009 were included in the study. METHODS: A case-control study was undertaken, comparing the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 (IMD) scores of major lower limb amputees, to those of the catchment population. Multivariate analysis was not undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 327 patients underwent 445 lower limb amputations during the 6-year period. A comparative plot of cumulative frequency of IMD score in the catchment and amputation groups indicates greater numbers of major amputations in more deprived postcodes (P=0.004). The catchment population was further divided into population-matched deprivation quintiles. A significant increase in the number of amputations occurred in the two most deprived quintiles (OR (95%CI)=1.654 (1.121-2.440), P=0.011) CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates a positive association between increasing social deprivation and rates of lower limb amputation. If the most deprived quintiles are combined, this increase in amputation rates is approximately 65%. This inequity should be further investigated, and consideration given to targeted care within areas of greater social deprivation.

Correction of end colostomy prolapse using a curved surgical stapler, performed under sedation.

Acute stoma prolapse most commonly occurs following emergency surgery, frequently in patients with significant medical co-morbidities. Correction often requires re-laparotomy and resiting of the stoma, placing an already frail patient at risk of further morbidity. An elderly patient experienced an end colostomy prolapse 14 days following emergency laparotomy. A novel technique was employed using the CONTOUR curved stapling device to excise the prolapsed segment, under a brief period of intravenous sedation, thereby avoiding the sequelae of general anaesthetic. No complications were experienced, and the patient was deemed fit for discharge 5-days post re-intervention.