Cooperative work and neuroeducation in mathematics education of future teachers: A good combination?

In order to respond to the new approaches in higher education, this paper presents the didactic experience of the implementation of a methodological approach based on cooperative learning and the literature review on neuroeducation in 53 students enrolled in the 3rd year of the degree in Early Childhood Education in the subject of Development of Logical-Mathematical Thinking and its Didactics II. The application of cooperative learning in combination with the literature review on neuroeducation aimed to teach future teachers how they should act with their future pupils (aged 3 to 6 years) with special educational support needs (SEN) at school. The design of the proposal to be used was also adjusted to the didactic resources available. The represented contents worked on were magnitudes, time, length, weight, and geometry. The data collected were the activities of the teacher training students (didactic proposals) adapted to the early childhood development stage. They were to be created, so that the main objective was that the undergraduate students would be able to solve the exercises as children would. The students were even challenged to make an exhibition in which they had to act as teachers and their classmates would be the children with SEN. The proposals were evaluated according to a rubric, with an emphasis on the students' teachers' awareness of students with SEN. To conclude, the degree of satisfaction of the student teachers with this methodology was high. This shows that learning neuroeducation and cooperative work makes future teachers know how to teach mathematics also to students with SEN.

Hábitos saludables en la niñez y la adolescencia en los entornos rurales. Un estudio descriptivo y comparativo / Healthy habits in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. A descriptive and comparative study

Introducción: la promoción de estilos de vida saludables para el cuidado de la salud es una prioridad en la Unión Europea, iniciándose en la infancia la adquisición de dichos hábitos. Objetivos: conocer los hábitos alimentarios, de sueño, de actividad física y de ocio sedentario, la imagen corporal y el percentil del índice de masa corporal en niños y adolescentes de Castilla-La Mancha. Explorar las posibles diferencias entre las variables evaluadas de niños y adolescentes. Métodos:estudio descriptivo y transversal con 293 participantes (n = 197 niños y n = 96 adolescentes). Instrumentos: báscula y estadímetro para medidas antropométricas y preguntas del formulario de la encuesta incluido en el programa Red Cántabra de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y Schools for Health in Europe. Resultados:un porcentaje elevado de niños y adolescentes refieren tener hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, existiendo diferencias significativas en la omisión del desayuno (f = 6,820; p = 0,009; η2 = 0,023) y en el consumo de pescado (f = 8,901; p = 0,003; η2 = 0,030); los índices son peores en los adolescentes, entre los que un 35,4 % manifiestan no realizar el desayuno, frente al 21,4 % de los niños, y un 57,3 % responden que nunca o solo una vez a la semana consumen pescado, frente al 41,1 % de los niños. Respecto al sueño, existen diferencias significativas entre los niños y los adolescentes (f = 69,70; p = 0,000; η2 = 0,193), siendo también los resultados peores en estos últimos, pues el 28,1 % de los adolescentes refieren dormir menos de 7 horas al día, frente a un 8,6 % de los niños. Destacan el poco tiempo dedicado a la actividad física intensa y la declaración de falta de tiempo como barrera percibida para la práctica de la actividad física, que afectan al 49 % de los adolescentes y al 27,5 % de los niños. (AU)

Introduction: the promotion of healthy lifestyles for health care is a priority in the European Union, and the acquisition of these habits begins during childhood. Objectives: to know the eating, sleep, physical activity and sedentary leisure habits, body image, and body mass index percentile among children and adolescents in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. To explore potential differences between children and adolescents in the measured variables. Method: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 293 subjects (n = 197 children and n = 96 adolescents). Instruments: scale and stadimeter for anthropometric measurements, and items chosen from the Cantabrian Network of Health Promoting Schools and Schools for Health in Europe. Results: a high percentage of children and adolescents report having inadequate eating habits, with significant differences in the omission of breakfast (f = 6.820; p = 0.009; η2 = 0.023) and in the consumption of fish (f = 8.901; p = 0.003; η2 = 0.030); this was worse among adolescents, where 35.4 % say they do not eat breakfast compared to 21.4 % of children, and 57.3 % say they never eat fish or only do so once a week, compared to 41.1 % of children. Regarding sleep, there are significant differences between children and adolescents (f = 69.70; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.193), with the latter also having the worst results since 28.1 % of adolescents report sleeping less than 7 hours a day, compared with 8.6 % of children. It is worth mentioning the short amount of time devoted to intense physical activity and the declaration of lack of time as perceived barrier to physical activity, reported by 49 % of adolescents and 27.5 % of children. Lastly, sedentary leisure at both stages stands out, with 78.2 % of adolescents and 44.6 % of children spending more than three hours a day watching television, and 74 % of adolescents and 28 % of children playing more than three hours with different technologies. (AU)

[Healthy habits in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. A descriptive and comparative study]. / Hábitos saludables en la niñez y la adolescencia en los entornos rurales. Un estudio descriptivo y comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the promotion of healthy lifestyles for health care is a priority in the European Union, and the acquisition of these habits begins during childhood. Objectives: to know the eating, sleep, physical activity and sedentary leisure habits, body image, and body mass index percentile among children and adolescents in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. To explore potential differences between children and adolescents in the measured variables. Method: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 293 subjects. Instruments: scale and stadimeter for anthropometric measurements, and items chosen from the Cantabrian Network of Health Promoting Schools and Schools for Health in Europe. Results: a high percentage of children and adolescents report having inadequate eating habits, with significant differences in the omission of breakfast (F = 6.820; p = 0.009; η2 = 0.023) and in the consumption of fish (F = 8.901; p = 0.003; η2 = 0.030); this was worse among adolescents, where 35.4 % say they do not eat breakfast compared to 21.4 % of children, and 57.3 % say they never eat fish or only do so once a week, compared to 41.1 % of children. Regarding sleep, there are significant differences between children and adolescents (F = 69.70; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.193), with the latter also having the worst results since 28.1 % of adolescents report sleeping less than 7 hours a day, compared with 8.6 % of children. It is worth mentioning the short amount of time devoted to intense physical activity and the declaration of lack of time as perceived barrier to physical activity, reported by 49 % of adolescents and 27.5 % of children. Lastly, sedentary leisure at both stages stands out, with 78.2 % of adolescents and 44.6 % of children spending more than three hours a day watching television, and 74 % of adolescents and 28 % of children playing more than three hours with different technologies. Conclusions: this study shows that adolescents have poorer healthy habits than children in rural areas. The need to increase programs for the development and promotion of healthy lifestyles devoted to younger children and developed by the various agencies responsible for health care is highlighted.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la promoción de estilos de vida saludables para el cuidado de la salud es una prioridad en la Unión Europea, iniciándose en la infancia la adquisición de dichos hábitos. Objetivos: conocer los hábitos alimentarios, de sueño, de actividad física y de ocio sedentario, la imagen corporal y el percentil del índice de masa corporal en niños y adolescentes de Castilla-La Mancha. Explorar las posibles diferencias entre las variables evaluadas de niños y adolescentes. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal con 293 participantes. Instrumentos: báscula y estadímetro para medidas antropométricas y preguntas del formulario de la encuesta incluido en el programa Red Cántabra de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y Schools for Health in Europe. Resultados: un porcentaje elevado de niños y adolescentes refieren tener hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, existiendo diferencias significativas en la omisión del desayuno (F = 6,820; p = 0,009; η2 = 0,023) y en el consumo de pescado (F = 8,901; p = 0,003; η2 = 0,030); los índices son peores en los adolescentes, entre los que un 35,4 % manifiestan no realizar el desayuno, frente al 21,4 % de los niños, y un 57,3 % responden que nunca o solo una vez a la semana consumen pescado, frente al 41,1 % de los niños. Respecto al sueño, existen diferencias significativas entre los niños y los adolescentes (F = 69,70; p = 0,000; η2 = 0,193), siendo también los resultados peores en estos últimos, pues el 28,1 % de los adolescentes refieren dormir menos de 7 horas al día, frente a un 8,6 % de los niños. Destacan el poco tiempo dedicado a la actividad física intensa y la declaración de falta de tiempo como barrera percibida para la práctica de la actividad física, que afectan al 49 % de los adolescentes y al 27,5 % de los niños. Destaca el ocio sedentario en ambas etapas, pues un 78,2 % de los adolescentes y 44,6 % de los niños dedican más de tres horas al día a ver la televisión, y el 74 % de los adolescentes y el 28 % de los niños juegan más de tres horas con diferentes tecnologías. Conclusiones: este estudio evidencia que los adolescentes de las zonas rurales muestran peores hábitos saludables que los niños. Se destaca la necesidad de incrementar los programas de desarrollo y promoción de estilos de vida saludables dirigidos a los más pequeños, y desarrollados desde los distintos organismos a cargo de la salud.

Can Parental Body Dissatisfaction Predict That of Children? A Study on Body Dissatisfaction, Body Mass Index, and Desire to Diet in Children Aged 9-11 and Their Families.

Body image has been associated with self-care and the assumption of either healthy habits or poor diets and eating disorders. As a vital element in the formation of a positive body image, the role of the family in childhood has been highlighted by a few studies. This study aimed to assess whether children's body dissatisfaction could be predicted by their parents' body dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), and approach to change. The sample consisted of 581 participants (366 parents and 215 children). The following instruments were used: anthropometric data, the Brief Scale of Body Dissatisfaction for Children, the IMAGE questionnaire (approach to change and drive for muscularity subscales), and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness subscales). The results indicated that 19% of children, 22.8% of mothers, and 70.2% of fathers were overweight or obese. The multiple regression models developed for boys and girls explained 60 and 57% of the variance in body dissatisfaction, respectively. Several variables attributable to the mother (higher approach to change, higher drive for thinness, and higher BMI) and to the boys themselves (drive for muscularity, approach to change, and having a high BMI percentile) predicted a higher level of body dissatisfaction. For girls, only variables regarding themselves (approach to change, age, and BMI percentile) explained their body dissatisfaction. Relationships with the traits of the father were not detected for both models. The influence of sociocultural factors on the construction of gender and the negative consequences of mothers' dieting for aesthetic purposes, on the development of children's body image, are discussed.

[Psychometric data of the abbreviated version of IMAGENquestionnaire; evaluation of body dissatisfaction]. / Datos psicométricos de la versión abreviada del cuestionario IMAGEN; evaluación de la insatisfacción corporal.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Body dissatisfaction seems to be associated with eating disorders, obesity, decreasing levels of physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. In this study the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to measure body dissatisfaction, the IMAGEN questionnaire, have been obtained. METHOD: The samples have been composed of 538 women of ages between 11 and 22 years, 494 out from different schools and 44 out diagnosed of eating disorder from hospital. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis reduces the items from 38 in the original version to 25. The model shows a penta-factor structure: a) emotional, with five items; b) fear to gain weight, with four; c) approach to change, with three; d) perceptive, with six; and e) behavioral, with four items. Besides, it has been obtained a second order factor (cognitive-emotional) that includes the a), b) and c) previous factors. The psychometric properties such as internal consistency (alpha from 0.84 to 0.92), discriminative validity (significant difference by group) and convergent validity (significant statistical relation between IMAGE and EDI-2 factors) have been evaluated and some acceptable results have been obtained. In addition to that, the cut-offs for each questionnaire scale were established, implying that high scores in body dissatisfaction are associated with having an eating disorder. The most accurate estimates correspond to the behavioral factor of dissatisfaction (odds ratio 33.2; IC 95% = 15.1-68.3). CONCLUSION: From these results it is concluded that the reduced IMAGE questionnaire presents good psychometric properties. However, more research is needed with different samples before generalizing its use.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: la insatisfacción corporal parece estar asociada con los trastornos alimentarios, obesidad, disminución de actividad física y consumo de frutas y verduras. En este estudio se han obtenido los datos psicométricos de un cuestionario para medir la insatisfacción corporal: el cuestionario IMAGEN. MÉTODO: las muestras estuvieron compuestas por 538 mujeres de edades entre 11 y 22 años, 494 provenientes de centros educativos y 44 con diagnóstico de trastorno alimentario procedentes de hospitales. RESULTADOS: los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio reducen los ítems desde 38 de la versión original a 25. El modelo muestra una estructura pentafactorial de primer orden: a) emocional, con cinco ítems; b) miedo a engordar, con cuatro ítems; c) planteamiento de cambio, con tres ítems; d) perceptivo, con seis ítems; e) comportamental, con cuatro ítems; y un factor de segundo orden (cognitivo-emocional) que incluye a los factores: emocional, miedo a engordar, y planteamiento de cambio. Se analizaron los datos psicométricos siguientes: consistencia interna (alfa entre 0,84-0,92), validez discriminante (diferencias significativas entre grupo clínico y control), y validez convergente (correlaciones significativas con el EDI-2), considerándose adecuados. Además, se establecieron puntos de corte para las subescalas, interpretando que puntuaciones altas en insatisfacción están asociadas con tener trastorno alimentario. Las estimaciones más precisas se obtienen para el factor comportamental (odds ratio 33,2; IC 95% = 15,1-68,3). CONCLUSIÓN: a partir de los resultados se estima que el cuestionario IMAGEN reducido presenta buenos indicadores psicométricos para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal, aunque se necesitan más investigaciones con diferentes muestras antes de generalizar su uso.

Datos psicométricos de la versión abreviada del cuestionario IMAGEN; evaluación de la insatisfacción corporal / Psychometric data of the abbreviated version of IMAGEN questionnaire; evaluation of body dissatisfaction

Introducción y objetivos: la insatisfacción corporal parece estar asociada con los trastornos alimentarios, obesidad, disminución de actividad física y consumo de frutas y verduras. En este estudio se han obtenido los datos psicométricos de un cuestionario para medir la insatisfacción corporal: el cuestionario IMAGEN. Método: las muestras estuvieron compuestas por 538 mujeres de edades entre 11 y 22 años, 494 provenientes de centros educativos y 44 con diagnóstico de trastorno alimentario procedentes de hospitales. Resultados: los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio reducen los ítems desde 38 de la versión original a 25. El modelo muestra una estructura pentafactorial de primer orden: a) emocional, con cinco ítems; b) miedo a engordar, con cuatro ítems; c) planteamiento de cambio, con tres ítems; d) perceptivo, con seis ítems; e) comportamental, con cuatro ítems; y un factor de segundo orden (cognitivo-emocional) que incluye a los factores: emocional, miedo a engordar, y planteamiento de cambio. Se analizaron los datos psicométricos siguientes: consistencia interna (alfa entre 0,84-0,92), validez discriminante (diferencias significativas entre grupo clínico y control), y validez convergente (correlaciones significativas con el EDI-2), considerándose adecuados. Además, se establecieron puntos de corte para las subescalas, interpretando que puntuaciones altas en insatisfacción están asociadas con tener trastorno alimentario. Las estimaciones más precisas se obtienen para el factor comportamental (odds ratio 33,2; IC 95% = 15,1-68,3). Conclusión: a partir de los resultados se estima que el cuestionario IMAGEN reducido presenta buenos indicadores psicométricos para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal, aunque se necesitan más investigaciones con diferentes muestras antes de generalizar su uso (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Body dissatisfaction seems to be associated with eating disorders, obesity, decreasing levels of physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. In this study the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to measure body dissatisfaction, the IMAGEN questionnaire, have been obtained. Method: The samples have been composed of 538 women of ages between 11 and 22 years, 494 out from different schools and 44 out diagnosed of eating disorder from hospital. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis reduces the items from 38 in the original version to 25. The model shows a penta-factor structure: a) emotional, with fi ve items; b) fear to gain weight, with four; c) approach to change, with three; d) perceptive, with six; and e) behavioral, with four items. Besides, it has been obtained a second order factor (cognitive-emotional) that includes the a), b) and c) previous factors. The psychometric properties such as internal consistency (alpha from 0.84 to 0.92), discriminative validity (significant difference by group) and convergent validity (significant statistical relation between IMAGE and EDI-2 factors) have been evaluated and some acceptable results have been obtained. In addition to that, the cut-offs for each questionnaire scale were established, implying that high scores in body dissatisfaction are associated with having an eating disorder. The most accurate estimates correspond to the behavioral factor of dissatisfaction (odds ratio 33.2; IC 95% = 15.1-68.3). Conclusion: From these results it is concluded that the reduced IMAGE questionnaire presents good psychometric properties. However, more research is needed with different samples before generalizing its use (AU)