A description of hydroquinone clathrates using molecular dynamics: Molecular model and crystalline structures for CH4 and CO2 guests.

The crystalline structure of hydroquinone clathrates has been studied using molecular dynamics. A flexible non-polarizable all-atom molecular model, based on the original Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations force field with recalculated point electric charges, has been used to describe the hydroquinone molecule, and the crystalline solid structure of the α native phase has been analyzed. Then, the ß clathrates have been studied, considering CO2 and CH4 as guest molecules, and also the empty clathrate structure. In all cases, the lattice parameters obtained through molecular simulation show excellent agreement with reported experimental values, showing that the molecular model selected is able to reproduce both the native crystalline phase and also the clathrate structures. In addition, the process of clathrate guest molecule release upon heating has been characterized, and the simulations show a good correspondence with the very recent experimental trends observed for both guest molecules analyzed.

Comparison of biotransformation of inorganic selenium by Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces in lactic fermentation process of yogurt and kefir.

The aim of the present study was to characterize, quantify, and compare the different selenium species that are produced when lactic fermentation with two different types of microorganisms, bacteria (Lactobacillus) and yeast (Saccharomyces), take place to produce yogurt and kefir, respectively, and to study the transformation process of these species as a function of time. These two dairy products were chosen for the study because they are highly consumed in different cultures. Moreover, the microorganisms present in the fermentation processes are different. While the bacteria Lactobacillus is the one responsible for yogurt fermentation, a partnership between bacteria and the yeast Saccharomyces causes kefir fermentation. A comparative study has been carried out by fermenting Se(IV) enriched milk in the presence of both types of microorganisms, where the concentration range studied was from 0.5 to 20 microg g (-1). Enzymatic extraction enabled selenium speciation profiles, obtained by anionic exchange and ion-pairing reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (IP-RP-HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) applied to the enriched samples showed segregated Se (0), at added concentrations higher than 5 microg g (-1). The main Se species formed depended on the type of microorganism involved in the fermentation process, SeCys 2 and MeSeCys being the main species generated in yogurt and SeMet in kefir. The results obtained are different for both kinds of samples. Lactic fermentation for yogurt produced an increment in selenocystine (SeCys 2) and Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys), while fermentation to produce kefir also incremented the selenomethionine (SeMet) concentration. The Se species are stable for at least 10 and 15 days for kefir and yogurt, respectively. After this period, selenocystine concentration decreased, and the concentration of Se-methylselenocysteine was found to significantly increase.

[Clinical cases about secondary sterility caused by obstructive azoospermia with surgical repair possibilities]. / Casos clínicos de esterilidad secundaria por azoospermia obstructiva subsidiaria de reparación quirúrgica.

Secondary sterility in male patients is due to sperm alterations in a high proportion of cases. But, obstructive azoospermia set up a very important cause of sterility, because a surgical repair is possible. Some of the factors cause obstructive azoospermia are the herniorrhaphy intervention, including secondary inflammatory reaction, and epididymal lesion or epididymitis. Currently, both cases are important due to high frequency of these aetiologies. Besides we should identified obstructive cause to provide a surgical repair.

Casos clínicos de esterilidad secundaria por azoospermia obstructiva subsidiaria de reparación quirúrgica / Clinical cases about secondary sterility caused by obstructive azoospermia with surgical repair possibilities

La esterilidad secundaria masculina es debida en una elevada proporción de casos a alteraciones en el esperma. Por otro lado, la azoospermia obstructiva constituye una causa importante de esterilidad, al ser subsidiaria de reparación quirúrgica. Entre los factores que intervienen en la azoospermia obstructiva encontramos la cirugía tras herniorrafia, en donde cabe destacar los procesos inflamatorios subsiguientes, y la lesión epididimaria o epididimitis previa. La importancia de los casos presentados radica actualmente, en la elevada frecuencia de dichas etiologías y en la identificación de causas obstructivas, dado que son potencialmente resolubles (AU)

Secondary sterility in male patients is due to sperm alterations in a high proportion of cases. But, obstructive azoospermia set up a very important cause of sterility, because a surgical repair is possible. Some of the factors cause obstructive azoospermia are the herniorrhaphy intervention, including secondary inflammatory reaction, and epididymal lesion or epididymitis. Currently, both cases are important due to high frequency of these aetiologies. Besides we should identified obstructive cause to provide a surgical repair (AU)

[Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic empyema]. / Instilación intrapleural de estreptoquinasa en el tratamiento del empiema paraneumónico complicado.

INTRODUCTION: Parapneumonic empyema is a frequent cause of admission in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. In January 2005, we implemented a treatment protocol that included intrapleural streptokinase (STK) for children with complicated parapneumonic empyema as an alternative to surgery. OBJECTIVES: To describe the results of intrapleural STK in the treatment of hospitalized children with complicated parapneumonic empyema and to compare these results with those of early thoracotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children with complicated parapneumonic empyema admitted between January 1st 2004 and October 1st 2005 were included. The children were divided into two groups: a historical group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and December 31st 2004, treated with conventional thoracotomy before day 8 of chest drain placement and a prospective group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and October 1st 2005, treated with intrapleural STK before day 8 of chest drain placement. The variables used to compare outcome and treatment complications were duration of chest tube drainage after the treatment procedure, complications, re-admission, length of hospital stay, and death. RESULTS: The results in both groups were similar. Length of hospital stay showed no significant differences. Duration of chest tube drainage after intrapleural STK was significantly shorter than after thoracotomy (p < 0.001). In the thoracotomy group a significantly higher proportion of patients required partial atypical pneumonectomy (p = 0.051). There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Intrapleural STK is a valid alternative for the treatment of children with complicated parapneumonic empyema.

Instilación intrapleural de estreptoquinasa en el tratamiento del empiema paraneumónico complicado / Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic empyema

Introducción. En el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell el empiema paraneumónico constituye un motivo de hospitalización frecuente. En enero de 2005 se implementó un protocolo de tratamiento del empiema complicado que incluía la instilación de estreptoquinasa intrapleural como alternativa del tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivos. Describir los resultados de la instilación de estreptoquinasa intrapleural en niños hospitalizados con empiema paraneumónico complicado y compararlos con los resultados de la toracotomía precoz. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron los niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado que ingresaron entre el 1 de enero de 2004 y el 1 de octubre de 2005. Se dividieron en dos cohortes: Histórica, niños hospitalizados entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2004, tratados con toracotomía convencional antes de los 8 días de colocado el drenaje de tórax; Prospectiva, niños hospitalizados entre el 1 de enero y el 1 de octubre de 2005, tratados con estreptoquinasa intrapleural antes de los 8 días de colocado el drenaje de tórax. Se comparó la evolución y complicaciones del tratamiento mediante las siguientes variables: duración del drenaje posprocedimiento, complicaciones, reingresos, duración de la estancia hospitalaria y muerte. Resultados. Ambos grupos fueron comparables. La estancia hospitalaria no mostró diferencias significativas. La duración del drenaje de tórax después de la instilación de estreptoquinasa intrapleural fue significativamente menor que después de la toracotomía (p < 0,001). En el grupo tratado con toracotomía una proporción mayor de pacientes requirió neumonectomía parcial atípica (p = 0,051). Ninguno de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio falleció. Conclusiones. La instilación de estreptoquinasa intrapleural es una alternativa válida para el tratamiento de niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado

Introduction. Parapneumonic empyema is a frequent cause of admission in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. In January 2005, we implemented a treatment protocol that included intrapleural streptokinase (STK) for children with complicated parapneumonic empyema as an alternative to surgery. Objectives. To describe the results of intrapleural STK in the treatment of hospitalized children with complicated parapneumonic empyema and to compare these results with those of early thoracotomy. Patients and methods. Children with complicated parapneumonic empyema admitted between January 1st 2004 and October 1st 2005 were included. The children were divided into two groups: a historical group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and December 31st 2004, treated with conventional thoracotomy before day 8 of chest drain placement and a prospective group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and October 1st 2005, treated with intrapleural STK before day 8 of chest drain placement. The variables used to compare outcome and treatment complications were duration of chest tube drainage after the treatment procedure, complications, re-admission, length of hospital stay, and death. Results. The results in both groups were similar. Length of hospital stay showed no significant differences. Duration of chest tube drainage after intrapleural STK was significantly shorter than after thoracotomy (p < 0.001). In the thoracotomy group a significantly higher proportion of patients required partial atypical pneumonectomy (p = 0.051). There were no deaths. Conclusions. Intrapleural STK is a valid alternative for the treatment of children with complicated parapneumonic empyema

[Microhematuria secondary to mucocele and appendicular cystoadenoma]. / Microhematuria secundaria a mucocele y cistoadenoma apendicular.

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare entity consisting of cystic dilatation of the appendix as a result of increased mucus production. Most cases are related to the presence of a cystadenoma. This appendiceal neoplasm is frequently associated with other extraintestinal and colonic tumors and therefore adequate abdominal examination is necessary. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and varies from asymptomatic forms to abdominal discomfort and, less frequently, to urological manifestations. We describe the case of a woman with hematuria associated with an appendiceal mucocele. Only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature. The treatment of choice of cystadenoma is surgery and simple mucocele cannot be macroscopically differentiated from cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Survival in patients with appendiceal cystadenoma is excellent. The 5-year survival rate is reduced by at least half in patients with cystadenocarcinoma associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Microhematuria secundaria a mucocele y cistoadenoma apendicular / Microhematuria secondary to mucocele and appendicular cystoadenoma

El mucocele apendicular es una entidad poco frecuente que consiste en la dilatación quística de la luz del apéndice secundaria a la excesiva producción de moco. En la mayoría de los casos se relaciona con la presencia de un cistoadenoma. Esta neoplasia apendicular se asocia con frecuencia a otros tumores colónicos y extraintestinales, por lo que es imprescindible realizar una adecuada exploración de la cavidad abdominal. La clínica es inespecífica y varía desde formas asintomáticas, molestias abdominales hasta, menos frecuentemente, síntomas y signos urológicos. Describimos el caso de una paciente con microhematuria relacionada con mucocele apendicular, sobre lo que existen descritos sólo unos pocos casos en la literatura médica. El tratamiento del cistoadenoma es quirúrgico y no es posible diferenciar macroscópicamente si se trata de un mucocele simple, cistoadenoma o cistoadenocarcinoma. La supervivencia del cistoadenoma de apéndice es excelente, y se reduce a menos de la mitad a los 5 años en caso de cistoadenocarcinoma asociado a seudomixoma peritoneal

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare entity consisting of cystic dilatation of the appendix as a result of increased mucus production. Most cases are related to the presence of a cystadenoma. This appendiceal neoplasm is frequently associated with other extraintestinal and colonic tumors and therefore adequate abdominal examination is necessary. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and varies from asymptomatic forms to abdominal discomfort and, less frequently, to urological manifestations. We describe the case of a woman with hematuria associated with an appendiceal mucocele. Only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature. The treatment of choice of cystadenoma is surgery and simple mucocele cannot be macroscopically differentiated from cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Survival in patients with appendiceal cystadenoma is excellent. The 5-year survival rate is reduced by at least half in patients with cystadenocarcinoma associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei

Microhematuria secundaria a mucocele y cistoadenoma apendicular / Microhematuria secondary to mucocele and appendicular cystoadenoma

El mucocele apendicular es una entidad poco frecuente que consiste en la dilatación quística de la luz del apéndice secundaria a la excesiva producción de moco. En la mayoría de los casos se relaciona con la presencia de un cistoadenoma. Esta neoplasia apendicular se asocia con frecuencia a otros tumores colónicos y extraintestinales, por lo que es imprescindible realizar una adecuada exploración de la cavidad abdominal. La clínica es inespecífica y varía desde formas asintomáticas, molestias abdominales hasta, menos frecuentemente, síntomas y signos urológicos. Describimos el caso de una paciente con microhematuria relacionada con mucocele apendicular, sobre lo que existen descritos sólo unos pocos casos en la literatura médica. El tratamiento del cistoadenoma es quirúrgico y no es posible diferenciar macroscópicamente si se trata de un mucocele simple, cistoadenoma o cistoadenocarcinoma. La supervivencia del cistoadenoma de apéndice es excelente, y se reduce a menos de la mitad a los 5 años en caso de cistoadenocarcinoma asociado a seudomixoma peritoneal

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare entity consisting of cystic dilatation of the appendix as a result of increased mucus production. Most cases are related to the presence of a cystadenoma. This appendiceal neoplasm is frequently associated with other extraintestinal and colonic tumors and therefore adequate abdominal examination is necessary. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and varies from asymptomatic forms to abdominal discomfort and, less frequently, to urological manifestations. We describe the case of a woman with hematuria associated with an appendiceal mucocele. Only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature. The treatment of choice of cystadenoma is surgery and simple mucocele cannot be macroscopically differentiated from cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Survival in patients with appendiceal cystadenoma is excellent. The 5-year survival rate is reduced by at least half in patients with cystadenocarcinoma associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei

Los Somovilla: Familia de litotomistas riojanos. Datación de su trayectoria en Arnedillo, siglo XVI / The Somovilla's: a riojan family of bladder lithiasis is a surgeons. Chronologie of their trajectory at Arnedillo. XVI Century

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVI se pueden datar en la localidad riojana de Arnedillo a dos hermanos Somovilla: Juan y Francisco, ambos con el título de maese. Sus mujeres se llamaban Anna García e Iomar de Oña respectivamente. Hijos de Juan y Anna fueron Francisco, María, Diego, que fue bautizado el veinte de junio de 1566, e Íñigo. Juan de Somovilla falleció el 22 de diciembre de 1574, siendo su hermano el encargado de hacer su testamento. Comparando estos datos con los existentes en la literatura referente surge la duda de que el nombre del cirujano contratado por Felipe II, fuera Juan en vez de Francisco, como hasta ahora se creía. Arnedillo aparece citado en la obra de Francisco Díaz como balneario útil para padecimientos renales, siendo tal vez lugar de cita de pacientes con patología del aparato urinario, explicando este hecho, el porque surgió en esta localidad una familia de reputados litotomistas (AU)

Relación entre analgesia epidural y tipo de parto / The relationship between epidural analgesia and type of delivery

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la relación que existe entre administración de analgesia epidural durante el trabajo de parto y parto instrumentado (con fórceps o ventosa) para los casos estudiados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 380 casos aleatoriamente a partir de la revisión de historias clínicas, de los cuales 190 habían recibido analgesia epidural y el resto (190) no lo habían hecho. RESULTADOS: La instrumentalización del parto es mayor entre las mujeres que reciben analgesia epidural (un 46,3 frente a un 24,2 por ciento de instrumentalización sin dicha analgesia; p = 0,000). Por otra parte, se registró una frecuencia similar de casos de sufrimiento fetal intraparto para ambos grupos, (un 5,8 por ciento de los partos con analgesia epidural y un 5,3 por ciento de los casos sin analgesia epidural; p > 0,05).CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados sugieren que el impacto de la analgesia epidural sobre el desarrollo último del parto podría verse influido por un cambio en la práctica obstétrica (AU)

[The Somovillas: a family of lithiasis surgeons from Rioja. Chronology of their trajectory in Arnedillo, 16th Century]. / Los Somovilla: Familia de litotomistas riojanos. Datación de su trayectoria en Arnedillo, Siglo XVI.

In the second middle of the XVI century lived in Arnedillo Juan and Francisco Somovilla, booths "maesse". The names of his wives were Anna Garcia and Iomar de Oña. The brothers of Juan and Anna were Mardia, Diego baptised on 20 of june of 1566, and Iñigo. Juan Somovilla passes away on 22 of December of 1574. His brother made the testament. We think that Juan was the surgeon that we contracted by Felipe II, instead of Francisco. Francisco Díaz talked about Arnedillo, as an important thermal baths in the treatment of the kidney diseases, in his text. If Arnedillo was a centre of treatment of urinary disease, the Somovilla family could learn here the surgery of bladder litiasis.

[Versatility of axial penile skin fasciocutaneous flap in reconstruction of pendulous urethra]. / Versatilidad del colgajo axial fasciocutáneo de piel de pene en la reconstrucción de la uretra péndula.

PURPOSE: We describe three cases, with different features, of anterior urethral strictures that were treated with the same technique: a circular axial penile fasciocutaneous flap. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report three cases of patients with urethral strictures that affected the whole glandar and penile urethra. In one case the stricture affected the bulbar urethra. No patient has the preputial skin disposable, because of a previous circumcision, and all has been treated with different techniques. In one patient, a first step urethroplastia was performed previously, open all the penile urethra. All the cases were successfully treated with a circular axial fasciocutaneous penile flap in one stage. In case number one the reconstruction was combined with a scrotal flap. In case number three, the glandar urethra was reconstructed. CONCLUSIONS: The circular axial fasciocutaneous penile flap is a versatile technique that can be use to correct various type of strictures of the whole glandar and penile urethra alone or associated with strictures of the bulbar urethra.

¿Se alcanza el grado de captación suficiente entre las mujeres de una población semirrural para la efectiva detección precoz de cáncer de mama y ginecológicos? / Is it reached the degree of sufficient caption between the women of a semirrural area of the effective early detection of the breast and gynecologic cancer?

Objetivos: a) conocer qué porcentaje de mujeres de nuestro ámbito realizaron actividades preventivas de diagnóstico precoz de cáncer ginecológico y de mama; b) determinar si existe un grupo de mujeres, con un perfil definido, que no se beneficien de estas actividades. Diseño: estudio transversal descriptivo. Material y métodos: se revisó la historia clínica y se pasó un cuestionario a una muestra aleatoria de 304 mujeres (población: 8.301 mujeres de más de 34 años) de las ZBS de Sotrondio y Laviana, Asturias. Se analizó la posible relación entre las variables mediante regresión logística y se buscó un modelo de mujer no captada mediante step-wise. Mediciones y principales resultados: se registró la realización de despistaje de cáncer de mama, endometrio y/o cérvix; si figuraban en la historia, características socio-demográficas de la encuestada y características de su médico. Descriptivo: contestaron, 233 mujeres. Las mujeres que habían realizado algún despistaje representaban el 81,98 porciento registrándose en la historia en el 47,21 porciento. Regresión logística: encontramos relación entre no contactar con ninguna actividad de despistaje y estar soltera respecto a estar casada [OR:17,43 (4,80-63,22)]; el aumento de la edad en años [OR:1,05 (1,02-1,09)] y nivel de ingresos económicos [OR: 0,45 (0,22-0,93)]. Conclusiones: el porcentaje de mujeres que entran en contacto con actividades preventivas propias de su sexo sería suficiente para un correcto funcionamiento de las mismas. Solteras, con menos recursos económicos y de mayor edad son las más frecuentemente no captadas (AU)

Versatilidad del colgajo axial fasciocutáneo de piel de pene en la reconstrucción de la uretra péndula / Versatility of the axial fasciocutaneous penile flap for the pendulous urethral reconstruction

OBJETIVO: Describir tres casos de estenosis de uretra que afectaba a uretra peneana y glandarcon diferentes características, pero que fueron tratadas mediante el uso del mismo recurso técnico:el colgajo axial circular fasciocutáneo de piel de pene. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Presentamos tres casos de estenosis de uretra que afectaba a toda la ure-trapeneana y glandar. En uno de ellos (caso nº1) también se encontraba afecta la uretra bulbar. Todoslos pacientes se encontraban circuncidados en el momento de realizar la cirugía uretral, asimismotodos habían sido tratados mediante diversas técnicas siendo estenosis de muy larga evolución. Enuno de ellos (caso nº 2), de modo previo, se había realizado una puesta a plano de toda la uretra pene-anay glandar. Todos fueron tratados mediante un colgajo axial circular fasciocutáneo de piel de pene,realizándose la técnica quirúrgica en un solo tiempo. En el primer caso se utilizó de modo combina-doun colgajo de rafe medio escrotal. En el tercer caso se reconstruyó la uretra glandar. CONCLUSIONES: El colgajo axial fasciocutáneo de piel de pene es una opción terapéutica versátil,que puede corregir las muy diversas situaciones que la estenosis de toda la uretra peneana nos puedepresentar (AU)

[Bladder tumor lethality. Results in the autonomous community of Rioja between 1975-1991]. / Letalidad por tumor vesical. Resultados en la comunidad autónoma de la Rioja entre los años 1975-1991.

Between 1975-1991, a total of 557 cases of bladder carcinoma were identified in the Autonomous Community of La Rioja (CAR) which were followed up to December 1994. The overall lethality was 21.9%. 492 cases with 22.35% lethality were identified in males. In females, however, there was 65 cases with 18.46% lethality. The comparison of males and females lethality resulted in p = 0.525. Lethality between cases diagnosed within each 5-year period analyzed is: 1975-1981: 177 cases, lethality 23.72%. 1982-1986: 168 cases, lethality 30.95%. 1987-1991: 212 cases, lethality 13.20%. Between the first and the second 5-year periods, p = 0.132; between the first and third 5-year periods p = 0.007 and between the second and third 5-year periods p < 0.000. Bladder tumours accounts in CAR for a 22.35% lethality. Lethality is higher in males that in females but the difference is not statistically significant. In the last 5-year period assessed, 1987-1991, a reduction of lethality from bladder neoplasms has been documented.

[Influence of sex differences in biological aggressivity of bladder urothelial tumor at first diagnosis]. / Influencia de la diferencia de sexo en la agresividad biológica del tumor urotelial vesical en su primer diagnóstico.

RATIONALE: To investigate whether, in the same way incidence is affected, biological aggressiveness of bladder cancer at diagnosis is greater in men than in women. METHOD: Using data from a retrospective study on urothelial cancer of the bladder between 1975 and 1991 in La Rioja (Spain), an estimate was made of total Relative Risk, Mantel-Haenszel relative weighted risk and Greenland-Robins 95% confidence interval of suffering infiltrant bladder cancer in male versus female, assuming that the tumour affecting the muscle layer was infiltrant. RESULTS: Total Relative Risk (1.05). Mantel-Haenszel relative weighted risk (1.08), and Greenland-Robins confidence interval (0.65-Relative Risk-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that sex differences have no influence on the risk to develop infiltrant urothelial cancer of the bladder at diagnosis.