Mental disorders in the media: A retrospective study of newspaper coverage in the Chilean Press.

BACKGROUND: The mass media are relevant in shaping the population's attitudes towards mental disorders. In low- and middle-income countries there is little information about the portrayal of people with mental disorders in the mass media. AIM: The general objective of the study was to assess the tone and content of Chilean newspaper articles about mental disorder from 2000 to 2019. METHOD: The digital editions of four national circulation Chilean newspapers were intentionally selected. The search engine Google News was used to identify and retrieve the news. To evaluate the news, a standardised codebook was administered. A total of 385 news were evaluated. RESULTS: The results show that a large proportion of the news items has an overall positive/optimistic tone 43.5% and 57.5% does not stigmatise; however, only 18.4% emphasises recovery as part of the content. The highest percentages of news stigmatising in tone and content are observed for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the experts are quoted much more frequently than people diagnosed with mental disorders or their families and/or friends. When comparing by years there is a trend towards general decrease in stigmatisation, moving towards a more positive or optimistic view of mental health. CONCLUSIONS: In general, low stigmatisation towards mental disorders was found in the news and this was reduced steadily over time. Although there are aspects to improve in some particular areas, suggesting that manifest stigma has diminished, but more subtle forms still remain.

Carga en cuidadores informales primarios de personas adultas con enfermedades neurológicas crónicas / Burden in primary informal caregivers of adults with chronic neurological diseases

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque el envejecimiento de las poblaciones humanas es un fenómeno universal, en Cuba los cambios demográficos son significativos. El incremento de la esperanza de vida y el desarrollo de enfermedades neurológicas crónicas aumentan el número de cuidadores informales primarios. Objetivos: Caracterizar la carga en cuidadores informales primarios de personas con enfermedades neurológicas crónicas de expresión clínica en el adulto. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, correlacional, transversal y no experimental, concebido desde una metodología mixta. La muestra quedó conformada por 19 cuidadores informales primarios con una edad aproximada de 46 años, se le aplicaron técnicas como la entrevista inicial de caracterización del cuidador y de la persona a quien cuida, la entrevista semiestructurada y la Escala de carga del cuidador de Zarit. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el análisis de contenido, la triangulación metodológica y la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Se identificó una tendencia a percibir carga en el proceso de cuidado debido a la presencia de estresores como: el validismo disminuido del enfermo; la modificación de la actividad laboral; los años de duración de la enfermedad; las horas diarias dedicadas al cuidado; la multiplicidad de roles paralelos al de cuidador y las múltiples tareas de cuidado. Conclusiones: Se concluye, que los resultados del proceso de cuidado asociados a la carga se expresan como tendencia en: la disminución del tiempo libre de los cuidadores, el deterioro de su salud psíquica, estados emocionales negativos y un aumento de sus responsabilidades, siendo el impacto del cuidado la dimensión más significativa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although human population's aging is a global phenomenon, in Cuba the demographic changes are significant. The increase of the life expectancy and the development of chronic neurological diseases rise the number of primary informal caregivers. Objective: The aim of this paper was to characterize the burden in primary informal caregivers of people with chronic neurological diseases that have clinical expression in adults. Methods: Descriptive, correlational, transversal and non-experimental study that was conceived from a mixed methodology. The sample was formed of 19 primary informal caregivers with an average age of 46 years, and some techniques were used with them such as the Initial interview for characterizing the caregiver and the person they care, the semi-structured interview and the Zarit´s Burden Scale. For the analysis of the results, content analysis, methodological triangulation and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: It was possible to identify a trend to perceive burden in the care process due to the presence of stressors such as: the decreased validity of the patient; the modification of work activity; the years of duration of the disease; the daily hours dedicated to care; the multiplicity of roles parallel to that of the caregiver and the multiple tasks of care. Conclusions: The results of the care process linked with the burden are expressed as a trend in: a decrease in the free time of the caregivers; a deterioration of their psychic health; negative mood and an increase of their responsibilities, being the impact of the care the most significant dimension.