Anisakidae parasites in frozen fish fillets intended for human consumption / Parásitos anisákidos en filetes de pescado congelado destinados a consumo humano

Introduction: Anisakiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw fish or shellfish containing larvae of the Anisakidae family. It is currently considered an emerging disease of public health interest. Objective: To identify the presence of larvae of the Anisakidae family in samples of frozen raw fish fillets intended for human consumption in markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which larvae of the Anisakidae family were detected and identified in frozen raw fish fillets from three representative markets in Medellín and its metropolitan area. A total of 384 ready for consumption fillets were analyzed (197 sawfish, 137 salmon, 37 tuna, and 13 hake), using the pressing and ultraviolet light method. Taxonomic keys were used to identify the collected parasites and to establish its genus. Conventional PCR and Sanger sequencing was performed to determine the species. Results: Four larvae were found in 4 of the 384 (1.04%) fillets (CI95% 1.04 ± 1.01%). The species of fish in which the larvae were found was sawfish (Scomberomorus spp.) and the genus and species of the larvae was established as Anisakis pegreffii. Conclusions: According to the study, the presence of Anisakis parasites in frozen raw fish fillets in the influence area is evident.

Introducción. La anisakiasis es una infección producida por parásitos de la familia Anisakidae, transmitida a los humanos por el consumo de pescado o mariscos crudos. En la actualidad, se considera una enfermedad emergente de interés en salud pública. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de larvas de la familia Anisakidae en muestras de filetes de pescado crudo congelado destinados a consumo humano, en mercados de Medellín y su área metropolitana en Antioquia (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, en el cual se buscó la presencia de larvas de la familia Anisakidae en filetes de pescado crudo congelado de tres mercados representativos de Medellín y su área metropolitana. Se analizaron 384 filetes listos para el consumo (197 sierras, 137 salmones, 37 atunes y 13 merluzas). Cada filete fue analizado mediante el método de prensado y luz ultravioleta. Los parásitos recolectados se identificaron a partir de claves taxonómicas para establecer el género, así como PCR convencional y posterior secuenciación Sanger, para determinar la especie. Resultados. Se encontraron 4 larvas en 4 de los 384 filetes (1,04 %) (IC95% 1,04 ± 1,01 %). Las larvas encontradas fueron identificadas como Anisakis pegreffi y el tipo de pescado en el cual se encontraron fue la sierra (Scomberomorus spp.) Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el estudio realizado, se evidencia la presencia de parásitos anisákidos en filetes de pescado crudo congelado en el área de influencia.

Characterization of decontamination procedure of beef carcasses at slaughterhouses in the province of Antioquia, Colombia / Caracterización del procedimiento de lavado descontaminación de canales bovinas en las plantas de beneficio animal del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia

Background: Beef slaughterhouses must use a carcass decontamination procedure to control pathogens and thus prevent foodborne diseases transmitted by meat. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize beef carcass decontamination procedures at slaughterhouses located in the province of Antioquia (Colombia). All the slaughterhouses were in service, registered, and approved by Invima (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos in Spanish) at the time of the study. Methods: This descriptive study collected information from 23 beef slaughterhouses between July 2019 and April 2021 through documentary reviews and visits to slaughterhouses, using forms and questionnaires. Results: The study allowed the characterization of the procedures used to decontaminate beef carcasses, showing that the chemical disinfection of the carcasses is used to control microorganisms in at least 73.9% of the slaughterhouses analyzed. According to secondary sources, it was found that most of the slaughterhouses are small (slaughter volume <50,000 heads per year); 10 of them use citric acid, lactic acid, peracetic acid, and a mixture of organic acids in concentrations between 900 and 1,200 ppm, 1.5 and 1.7%, 180 and 190 ppm, and 900 and 1,200 ppm, respectively, as carcass disinfectants and according to the technical data sheet of the product. During the visits and through the application of the questionnaire, it was found that the 12 slaughterhouses had implemented chemical disinfection which is not scientifically based, using manual devices as an intervention method to control pathogenic microorganisms. It was found that the type of company, slaughter volume, and the lack of financial resources are the determining factors in the selection of decontamination procedures. The validation of the beef carcass decontamination procedures in the different slaughterhouses in the study was demonstrated. Conclusions:Although it was established that at least one decontamination procedure, such as chemical disinfection, is used in the slaughterhouses of study, this option is not supported by scientific or technical evidence. The findings support the need for improvements in the slaughterhouses of the province of Antioquia, including the improvement of surveillance programs to reduce pathogens in the meat chain effectively.

Antecedentes: Las plantas de beneficio animal deben utilizar un procedimiento de descontaminación de canales para el control de patógenos y con ello, prevenir la aparición de enfermedades transmitidas por el consumo de carne. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el procedimiento de descontaminación de canales bovinas en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, que se encontraban en servicio, inscritas y autorizadas por el Invima al momento del estudio. Métodos: Este estudio descriptivo recolectó información de 23 plantas de beneficio animal de la especie bovina, a partir de revisiones documentales y visitas a las plantas, usando formatos y cuestionarios entre julio de 2019 y abril de 2021. Resultados: El estudio permitió caracterizar los procedimientos y técnicas de descontaminación de canales bovinas, revelando que en al menos el 73,9% de las plantas de beneficio estudiadas se realiza la desinfección química de las canales para el control de microorganismos. A partir de fuentes secundarias, se encontró que la mayoría de las plantas de beneficio animal en el Departamento de Antioquia son muy pequeñas, 10 de ellas utilizan productos de desinfección de canales, tales como el ácido cítrico, ácido láctico, ácido peracético y mezcla de ácidos orgánicos en concentraciones entre 900 y 1200 ppm, 1,5 y 1,7%, 180 y 190 ppm y 900 y 1200 ppm, respectivamente; y estos son utilizados de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la respectiva ficha técnica del producto. Por otro lado, durante la visita a las plantas de beneficio y mediante la aplicación del cuestionario, se constató que las 12 plantas visitadas han implementado la desinfección química como método de intervención para el control de microorganismos patógenos, realizando su aplicación mediante dispositivos manuales, no obstante, estas prácticas no están fundamentadas científicamente. Por otro lado, se estableció que aparentemente el tipo de empresa, volumen de sacrificio y falta de recursos financieros son los factores que determinan la elección del procedimiento de descontaminación de canales. De igual manera, se evidenció la necesidad de realizar estudios para validar la efectividad del procedimiento de descontaminación en las diferentes plantas de beneficio. Conclusiones: Aunque se estableció que en las plantas de beneficio animal visitadas se implementa al menos una técnica de intervención como la desinfección química, esta elección no tiene un sustento con base a fundamentos científicos y técnicos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de mejoras en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento, incluyendo mejoras al programa de vigilancia de la reducción efectiva de patógenos en la cadena cárnica.

La Medicina Veterinaria en el contexto del municipio colombiano: conversaciones con la ruralidad desde la práctica académica profesionalizante de pregrado Administración en Salud Animal de la Universidad de Antioquia (2005-2015) / Veterinary Medicine in the context of the Colombian municipality: Conversations with rurality from the professionalizing undergraduate academic practice in Animal Health Administration at the Universidad de Antioquia, 2005-2015 / A Medicina Veterinária no contexto do município colombiano: conversações com a ruralidade desde a prática acadêmica profissionalizante de graduação em Administração em Saúde Animal da Universidade de Antioquia, 2005-2015

Resumen La sistematización es un proceso investigativo, reflexivo, crítico y propositivo, mediante el cual se pretende estudiar, comprender, criticar, cuestionar y aprender de las prácticas. Este estudio pretendió sistematizar la experiencia de la práctica académica profesionalizante de pregrado Administración en Salud Animal (ASA) de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), la cual se desarrolla en municipios antioqueños. La ruta metodológica comprendió tres etapas: la construcción histórica de la práctica desde la memoria colectiva, el análisis crítico de la práctica y aprender desde la práctica para mejorarla. Se utilizaron los dispositivos de flujo del proceso, la entrevista semiestructurada, la conversación, el relato, la entrevista de salida a los expracticantes, el taller, la revisión e interpretación de documentos y el diario de campo. En total se visitaron 17 municipios y se entrevistaron 74 personas. Dentro de los resultados están la construcción del marco contextual de ASA, el listado y ubicación de municipios con presencia histórica de ASA, la construcción de la línea de tiempo con red de actores y sucesos, la construcción y análisis del discurso ordenador, la identificación de las fortalezas, las limitaciones y carencias de la práctica en los ámbitos universitario y municipal y las contribuciones para trascender las carencias y fortalecer la práctica. La práctica de ASA representa la materialización del potencial de la Universidad para propiciar el diálogo entre la Universidad y la sociedad por medio del apoyo a la función de los municipios en salud animal y salud pública, aunque requiere profundas intervenciones para explotar al máximo su potencial transformador y formativo.

Abstract Systematization is an investigative, reflexive, critical and purposeful process, which seeks to study, understand, criticize, and question practices, and learn from them. This study systematized the experience of the undergraduate professionalizing academic practice in Animal Health Administration (AHA) at the Universidad de Antioquia, which is developed in municipalities of the department of Antioquia. The methodological route involved three stages: historical construction of the practice from collective memory, critical analysis of the practice, and learning from the practice to improve it. Process flow devices were used, such as semi-structured interview, conversation, storytelling, exit interview with former participants, workshop, document review and interpretation, and field diary. In total, 17 municipalities were visited and 74 people were interviewed. Results included the construction of the contextual framework of AHA, listing and location of municipalities with AHA historical presence, construction of a timeline with a network of agents and events, construction and analysis of the guiding discourse, identification of strengths, limitations, and shortcomings of the practice in university and municipal environments, as well as contributions to transcending shortcomings and strengthening the practice. The AHA practice represents the materialization of the University's potential to foster dialogue between the University and society by supporting the role of municipalities in animal health and public health, although it requires profound interventions to exploit its transformative and educational potential.

Resumo A sistematização é um processo de pesquisa, reflexivo, crítico e propositivo, mediante o qual se pretende estudar, compreender, criticar, questionar e aprender das práticas. Este estudo sistematizou a experiência da prática acadêmica profissionalizante de graduação Administração em Saúde Animal (ASA) da Universidade de Antioquia, que se desenvolve em municípios da região de Antioquia. A rota metodológica compreendeu três etapas: a construção histórica da prática desde a memória coletiva, a análise crítica da prática e aprender com a prática para melhorá-la. Se utilizaram os dispositivos de fluxo do processo, a entrevista semiestruturada, a conversação, o relato, a entrevista de saída aos ex-praticantes, a oficina, a revisão e interpretação de documentos e o diário de campo. Em total foram visitados 17 municípios e entrevistadas 74 pessoas. Dentro dos resultados estão a construção do marco contextual de ASA, a lista e localização de municípios com presença histórica de ASA, a construção da linha de tempo com rede de atores e sucessos, a construção e análises do discurso ordenador, a identificação das fortalezas, as limitações e carências da prática nos âmbitos universitário e municipal e as contribuições para transcender as carências e fortalecer a prática. A prática de ASA representa a materialização do potencial da Universidade para propiciar o diálogo entre a Universidade e a sociedade por meio do apoio da função dos municípios em saúde animal e saúde pública, embora requeira de profundas intervenções para explorar ao máximo o seu potencial transformador e formativo.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of several bovine viral diseases in dairy farms of San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia / Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo para varias enfermedades virales en bovinos de hatos lecheros de San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia / Soroprevalência e fatores de risco para várias doenças virais em bovinos de rebanhos leiteiros do Município de San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colômbia

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) are viral infections that cause three of the most important cow diseases in the world. Antibody detection is the quickest and most cost-effective method to detect exposition to the virus. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with these diseases in cows from the town of San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia. A total of 791 bovines of 24 dairy farms were sampled for blood between may and june of 2014, and analized for antibodies against BVDV and BoHV-1. These 24 farms plus other five were analized for antibodies against EBL for a total of 1003 bovines from 29 farms sampled. All tests were done with ELISA kits commercially available. The risk factors for farm and cow selected were evaluated to analize their relation with the serological state of these three diseases using logistic regression. In general, seroprevalence at the animal level for BVDV BoHV-1 and EBL was 75.7% (95% CI: 68.7-82.6%), 31.1% (95% CI: 22.1-40.1%) and 47.8% (95% CI: 40-55.7%), respectively. The odds ratio of being seropositive for BoHV-1 was significantly higher (OR=3.0) in animals older than 3 years in comparison to bovines younger than a year. Not using disposable needles was associated with prevalence of EBL. In conclusion there was a high seroprevalence of EBL and BVDV, and a lower one for BoHV-1. Seropositivity to BoHV-1 was associated with cows older than 3 years and seropositivity to EBL was associated with not using disposable needles in the farm.

Las infecciones por virus de la diarrea viral bovina (BVDV), el herpes virus bovino-1 (BoHV-1) y la leucosis enzoótica bovina (EBL) causan tres de las enfermedades más importantes de la vaca a nivel mundial. La detección de anticuerpos es el método más rápido y costo-efectivo para detectar la exposición a estos virus. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados a estas enfermedades en vacas del municipio de San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia. Un total de 791 bovinos de 24 hatos lecheros no vacunados fueron muestreados para sangre entre mayo y junio de 2014 y analizados para anticuerpos contra BVDV y BoHV-1. Estos 24 hatos más otros cinco fueron analizados para anticuerpos contra EBL para un total de 1003 bovinos de 29 hatos. Todas las pruebas fueron efectuadas con kits de ELISA disponibles comercialmente. Los factores de riesgo de hato y de vaca seleccionados fueron evaluados para analizar su relación con el estado serológico de estas tres enfermedades por medio de regresión logística. En general, la seroprevalencia a nivel de animal para BVDV, BoHV-1 y EBL fue 75,7% (95% CI: 68,7-82,6), 31,1% (95% CI: 22,1-40,1) y 47,8% (95% CI: 40-55,7), respectivamente. La relación de disparidad de ser seropositivo para BoHV-1 fue significativamente más alto (OR=3,0) en animales mayores de 3 años en comparación con bovinos menores de un año. No usar agujas desechables en la granja estuvo asociada con la prevalencia a EBL. En conclusión hubo una alta seroprevalencia de EBL y BVDV y una baja para BoHV-1. La seropositividad a BoHV-1 estuvo asociada con vacas mayores a tres años y la seropositividad a EBL estuvo asociada con el no uso de agujas desechables en la granja.

As infecções por vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV), herpes vírus bovino-1 (BoHV-1) e leucose enzoótica bovina (EBL) causam três das doenças mais importantes da vaca no mundo todo. A detecção de anticorpos é o método mais rápido e custo-efetivo para detectar a exposição a estes vírus. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a soroprevalência e os fatores de risco associados a estas doenças em vacas de diferentes rebanhos leiteiros do município de San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colômbia. Um total de 791 bovinos pertencentes a 24 rebanhos leiteiros não vacinados foram amostrados para sangue entre os meses de maio e junho de 2014 e analisados para anticorpos contra BVDV e BoHV-1. Estes 24 rebanhos mais outros cinco foram analisados para anticorpos contra EBL para um total de 1003 bovinos de 29 rebanhos. Todos os testes foram feitos com kits de ELISA disponíveis comercialmente. Os fatores de risco do rebanho e do animal selecionados foram avaliados para analisar sua relação com o estado sorológico de estas três doenças por médio de regressão logística. Em geral, a soroprevalência no animal para BVDV, BoHV-1 e EBL foi 75,7% (95% CI: 68,7-82,6), 31,1% (95% CI: 22,1-40,1) e 47,8% (95% CI: 40-55,7), respetivamente. A relação de disparidade de ser soropositivo para BoHV-1 foi significativamente maior (OR=3,0) em animais maiores de três anos em comparação com os menores de um ano. O fato de não utilizar agulhas descartáveis na fazenda, esteve associada com a prevalência a EBL. Em conclusão, houve uma alta soroprevalência de EBL e BVDV e a sua vez, uma baixa para BoHV-1. A soropositividade a BoHV-1 esteve associada com vacas maiores a três anos e a soropositividade a EBL esteve associada com a não utilização de agulhas descartáveis na fazenda.

Milk yield and lactation stage are associated with positive results to ELISA for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cows from Northern Antioquia, Colombia: a preliminary study.

Paratuberculosis is a slow-developing infectious disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enterocolitis. This disease has a variable incubation period from 6 months to over 15 years and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Some studies have been conducted in cattle during the last decades in Colombia. However, those studies were designed using relatively small populations and were not aimed to establish prevalence. This study aimed to determine the MAP seroprevalence in selected dairy herds and to explore risk factors associated with the serology results. Serum samples and related data were collected from 696 randomly selected bovines in 28 dairy herds located in 12 different districts in one of the main dairy municipalities in Colombia (San Pedro de los Milagros). The samples were analyzed using a commercial ELISA kit. The information on risk factors was analyzed using a logistic regression. The apparent seroprevalence was 3.6 % (1/28) at the herd level and 2 % (14/696) at the animal level. The number of days in milk production between 100 and 200 days, and over 200 days as well as the daily milk production between 20 and 40 L/cow, and over 40 L/cow were associated with MAP seropositivity with odds ratios of 4.42, 3.45, 2.53, and 20.38, respectively. This study demonstrates the MAP seroprevalence in dairy herds from Antioquia, Colombia and the possible relationship between MAP seropositivity, milk yield, and lactation stage.

Systematic review of the prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle, sheep, and goats in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD) in domestic ruminants and wild species. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the prevalence of paratuberculosis among farmed animals (cattle, sheep, and goats) in Latin America and the Caribbean. The initial search for existing publications reporting systematic reviews and primary studies was carried out by searching the available databases. For the final selection of studies, an initial screen for basic eligibility and a detailed appraisal of quality were performed. After study selection, the relevant data were extracted. The detailed appraisal generated 24 publications that reported 52 studies, of which 73.1, 11.5, and 15.4 % were from cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Thirty-three (63.5 %) of the studies were animal level studies, while 19 (36.5 %) were herd-/flock-level studies. No flock-level studies on prevalence in sheep were found. Studies in Latin American and Caribbean countries revealed an overall prevalence of 16.9 (95 % CI (confidence interval) 13.2-20.5) and 75.8 % (95 % CI 50.1-101.5) in cattle at the animal and herd levels, respectively; the prevalence was 16 % (95 % CI 7.9-24.1) in sheep at the animal level and 4.3 % (95 % CI 1.9-6.8) and 3.7 % (95 % CI 0.1-7.4) in goats at the animal and flock levels, respectively. In general, prevalence results reported by the studies were insufficient to accurately determine the prevalence of paratuberculosis in farmed animals in Latin America and the Caribbean. Several flaws in the design of studies limit the quality of evidence regarding the prevalence of paratuberculosis in the region.

Genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from South American countries determined by two methods based on genomic repetitive sequences.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causal agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis of ruminants and has been associated with Crohn's disease in humans. In this study, the genotypes of MAP obtained so far in South American countries using a combination of the subtyping methods Mycobacterial Interspersed Repeats Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and Multilocus Short Sequence Repeats (MLSSR) were analyzed. Through this analysis, seven different MIRU-VNTR genotypes and seven MLSSR genotypes have been detected. If both methods were combined, nine different genotypes were found. Results revealed the predominance of MIRU-VNTR genotype 1 (INMV 1) and MLSSR genotype A (7 g-10 g-4ggt) among MAP isolates from different host species in South America. These predominant MAP genotypes are also commonly detected in Europe and the United States. This predominance could be the result of higher animal infection ability or better culturability on solid media used for isolation. Further studies on molecular epidemiology of MAP must be carried out in South America to increase our knowledge of the global distribution of MAP.

Serological and molecular detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle of dairy herds in Colombia.

The objective of this study is the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fecal culture in Colombian dairy herds. Serum and fecal samples from asymptomatic cows (n = 307) of 14 dairy herds were tested for MAP by an unabsorbed ELISA test (ELISA-A). Serum and fecal samples from positive ELISA-A animals (n = 31) were further tested by an absorbed ELISA test (ELISA-B) and PCR. Fecal samples from animals of herds positive by ELISA-A and PCR (n = 105) were inoculated onto three different culture media. ELISA-A produced positive results in 10% of the serum samples and 71% of the herds. ELISA-B and PCR results were positive in two and six serum and fecal samples from positive ELISA-A animals, respectively. Fecal samples were negative for MAP on all culture media. The results of this study confirmed the presence of MAP in local dairy herds and the difficulties of MAP detection in asymptomatic animals by ELISA, PCR, and fecal culture.