Evaluation of 1,030,482 Cervical Smear Results in Brazilian Population.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to determine the prevalence of abnormal cytologic smears in a large population of a Brazilian city. METHODS: Retrospective study of cervical cytology results performed at a private laboratory in São Paulo - Brazil. A total of 1,030,482 cytology tests were performed between January 2010 and December 2015. RESULTS: Among the satisfactory cytologies, we observed abnormal results in 8.9% (91,371). Analyzing the proportion of exams with altered results over the years, there was no change in these rates. We observed that the proportion of abnormal exams decreased with increasing age. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, possibly non-neoplastic (ASC-US) cytology was the most common abnormality found in the general population with 73.19%, followed by low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with 20.5%; these 2 cytological abnormalities add up to 93.69 % of all abnormal results. There was an increase in ASC-US with advancing age, a decrease in prevalence of LSIL, especially after the age of 30 and high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) shows two peaks of elevation, respectively in the age groups of 30-39 years and over 70 years. CONCLUSION: Women under the age of 30 showed a higher prevalence of cytological abnormalities, however most of these changes are low-grade lesions. In older women, cytological abnormalities are largely high-grade lesions, requiring greater care to prevent progression to cancer.

Closing the knowledge gap in pelvic neuroanatomy: assessment of a cadaveric training program.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to characterize participants in a laparoscopic cadaveric neuroanatomy course and assess knowledge of pelvic neuroanatomy before and after this course. METHODS: This is a survey-based cohort study with a setting in a university educational facility. The participants are surgeons in a multiday laparoscopic cadaveric pelvic neuroanatomy course. Participants completed a precourse survey, including demographics and comfort with laparoscopic surgery. They then completed an identical precourse and postcourse anatomic knowledge test. Main outcomes are scores on the anatomic knowledge test precourse and postcourse. RESULTS: 44 respondents were included: 25 completed fellowship, 15 completed residency, 2 were residents, and 2 were fellows. Participants were on average 11.09 years post training, with an average of 8.67 years from training if they completed fellowship and 18.62 years if they completed residency only. 22 of 42 respondents strongly agreed or agreed they are comfortable performing complex laparoscopic hysterectomies. The average precourse score was 32.18/50 points and the mean difference score (MDS, defined as mean of Postcourse scores minus Precourse scores) was 9.80, showing significant improvement (p <  0.001). Precourse and MDS scores were not significantly different when comparing country of practice, level of training, or time since training. CONCLUSION: Baseline knowledge of pelvic neuroanatomy was similar among groups when comparing fellowship status, place of training, or time since training. There was significant improvement in knowledge after training in this dissection method. This course garnered interest from surgeons with broad training backgrounds.

Cervical Cancer Screening of Adolescents and Young Women: Further Evidence Shows a Lack of Clinical Value.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of cytological abnormalities among young people from a large population in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational analysis of data from the institution's data processing center. SETTING: A private laboratory in São Paulo (Brazil). PARTICIPANTS: Comparison of 3 different groups (ie, adolescent women [aged ≤19 years], young adult women [aged between 20 and 24 years], and adult women [aged 25 years and older]). INTERVENTIONS: Assessment of results from all cervical-vaginal smears collected for cytology between January 2010 and December 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparative analysis of cytological abnormalities in the 3 different groups. RESULTS: A total of 1,026,671 satisfactory cytology tests were performed. The proportion of cytological abnormalities was found to decrease with age (P < .001) and was similar in the groups comprised of adolescents and young adults, with 3.405/ 20.921 (16.3%) and 13,635/ 78,277 (17.4%), respectively, and 74,320/ 927,473 (8.0%) in the group of adult patients (P < .001). Among the positive cytologies in the group of adolescents, 3,331/ 3,405 (97.8%) represented low-grade lesions and 74/ 3,405 (2.2%) high-grade lesions, whereas among adults older than 25 years old, these figures were 69,092/ 74.320 (93%) and 5,228/ 74.320 (6.9%), respectively. No cases of cancer were found in the group of adolescents. CONCLUSION: Cytological screening of young people is not recommended because of the low prevalence of high-grade cytological abnormalities in this population, with cancer being a rare event. This inadvertent screening could lead to unnecessary complementary exams and overtreatment, which could compromise the reproductive future of these young women.

Detection of transformation zone cells in liquid-based cytology and its comparison with conventional smears.

BACKGROUND: To compare the differences between liquid-based cytology (LBC) and conventional cytology in respect of the detection of transformation zone cells (TZC) by age group and to assess test performance by correlating results with cytological abnormalities. METHODS: A retrospective study assessing the results of cervical-vaginal cytology smears collected at a private laboratory in São Paulo (Brazil) between January 2010 and December 2015. RESULTS: A total of 1 030 482 cytology tests were performed; of these, 3811 (0.36%) unsatisfactory samples were excluded. Cytology sampling in the patients studied was performed using the conventional technique in 394 879 (38.5%) cases and the liquid-based techniques in 631 792 (61.5%) cases. The proportion of samples with TZC for interpretation was 73.2% (288 956 samples) in conventional cytology and 52.7% (333 115 samples) in LBC (P < .001). The presence of TZC rate declined in both groups with age, but was consistently lower for LBC (P < .001). The presence of endocervical and metaplastic cells was associated with higher high-grade intraepithelial lesion detection rates. CONCLUSION: Low representation of the transformation zone was found in the samples collected using the LBC technique, particularly in the over 50 age group. Conventional cytology was associated with a higher rate of detection of high-grade lesions.

Vulvar melanoma: relevant aspects in therapeutic management.

Cancer of the vulva accounts for at least 1% of malignant neoplasms among women. Although rare, vulvar melanoma is the second most common histological type of vulvar cancer, representing 7-10% of all malignant vulvar neoplasms. Initial symptoms are non-specific and complete excision of the lesion is indicated in cases with suspected diagnosis. Prognosis of patients with these neoplasms is poor and remains unchanged despite the treatment approach. Hemivulvectomy with lymph node dissection is the current procedure of choice, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. We report two cases of patients presenting with late diagnosed vulvar melanoma and the relevant aspects in their therapeutic management.

Vulvar melanoma: relevant aspects in therapeutic management

Abstract Cancer of the vulva accounts for at least 1% of malignant neoplasms among women. Although rare, vulvar melanoma is the second most common histological type of vulvar cancer, representing 7-10% of all malignant vulvar neoplasms. Initial symptoms are non-specific and complete excision of the lesion is indicated in cases with suspected diagnosis. Prognosis of patients with these neoplasms is poor and remains unchanged despite the treatment approach. Hemivulvectomy with lymph node dissection is the current procedure of choice, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. We report two cases of patients presenting with late diagnosed vulvar melanoma and the relevant aspects in their therapeutic management.

Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva: diagnosis and treatment.

Vulvar cancer accounts for less than 1% of malignancies in women. Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is a rare histological variation, comprising less than 1% of vulvar cancer cases. Although it is characterized as being locally invasive, the condition is not associated with metastatic spreading. Lesions present in the form of a verrucous, ulcerated, and bleeding tumor that can reach large dimensions. This type of tumor can be mistaken for condylomata, both macroscopically and microscopically. We report the case of an 81-year-old patient with a large vulvar tumor presented for eight years, initially considered as a Buschke-Löwenstein tumor. The patient underwent radical vulvectomy with a V-Y advancement flap technique. This type of tumor should be considered by clinicians dealing with condylomatous ulcerative lesions that do not respond to the usual treatment.

Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva: diagnosis and treatment

Abstract: Vulvar cancer accounts for less than 1% of malignancies in women. Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva is a rare histological variation, comprising less than 1% of vulvar cancer cases. Although it is characterized as being locally invasive, the condition is not associated with metastatic spreading. Lesions present in the form of a verrucous, ulcerated, and bleeding tumor that can reach large dimensions. This type of tumor can be mistaken for condylomata, both macroscopically and microscopically. We report the case of an 81-year-old patient with a large vulvar tumor presented for eight years, initially considered as a Buschke-Löwenstein tumor. The patient underwent radical vulvectomy with a V-Y advancement flap technique. This type of tumor should be considered by clinicians dealing with condylomatous ulcerative lesions that do not respond to the usual treatment.

Development of an electronic protocol for uterine cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Development of an electronic protocol for cancer of the cervix. METHODS: We collected data through a literature review and formatted them to build a theoretical base for cancer of the cervix for inclusion in the protocol. The computerized database used the SINPE © (Integrated Electronic Protocols) developed at the Federal University of Parana by the Graduate Program in Surgery, Department of Health Sciences, with the help of the Laboratory of Computer and Multimedia. RESULTS: We created 2,687 items, grouped into seven main categories: history, physical examination, laboratory tests, diagnosis, final pathology, treatment and monitoring. We added items on socio-demographic indicators, contraceptive use, smoking, gynecological and obstetrical histories, staging, the most widely accepted classifications and nomenclatures, diagnostic methods, treatments and follow-up. CONCLUSION: It is possible to develop an electronic protocol with low cost, little space and minimal staff training. The use of computers avoids limitations and the subjective character of written records. With the data collected in an appropriate manner it is possible to determine, through statistical analysis, the importance of each factor in cancer development and progression and prognosis.

Criação de protocolo eletrônico em câncer do colo do útero / Development of an electronic protocol for uterine cervical cancer

OBJETIVO: Desenvolvimento de um protocolo eletrônico para o câncer do colo do útero. MÉTODOS: Coletar dados através de revisão da literatura e formatá-los para a construção de uma base teórica sobre o câncer do colo uterino para inclusão no protocolo. A informatização do banco de dados utilizou o SINPE© (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos), desenvolvido na Universidade Federal do Paraná pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Clínica Cirúrgica do Setor de Ciências da Saúde com auxílio do Laboratório de Informática e Multimídia. RESULTADOS: Foram criados 2687 itens, agrupados em sete categorias principais: anamnese, exame físico, exames complementares, diagnóstico, anatomopatológico definitivo, tratamento e acompanhamento. Acrescentamos itens sobre indicadores sócio-demográficos, uso de anticoncepcionais, tabagismo, antecedentes ginecológicos e obstétricos, estadiamento, as classificações e nomenclaturas mais aceitas, métodos diagnósticos, tratamentos e seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: É possível o desenvolvimento de um protocolo eletrônico com baixo custo, pouco espaço físico e mínimo treinamento de pessoal. O uso de computadores evita limitações e o caráter subjetivo do prontuário escrito. Com os dados coletados de maneira adequada é possível determinar, através de análise estatística, a importância de cada fator no desenvolvimento do câncer e na evolução e prognóstico do paciente.

OBJECTIVE: Development of an electronic protocol for cancer of the cervix. METHODS: We collected data through a literature review and formatted them to build a theoretical base for cancer of the cervix for inclusion in the protocol. The computerized database used the SINPE © (Integrated Electronic Protocols) developed at the Federal University of Parana by the Graduate Program in Surgery, Department of Health Sciences, with the help of the Laboratory of Computer and Multimedia. RESULTS: We created 2,687 items, grouped into seven main categories: history, physical examination, laboratory tests, diagnosis, final pathology, treatment and monitoring. We added items on socio-demographic indicators, contraceptive use, smoking, gynecological and obstetrical histories, staging, the most widely accepted classifications and nomenclatures, diagnostic methods, treatments and follow-up. CONCLUSION: It is possible to develop an electronic protocol with low cost, little space and minimal staff training. The use of computers avoids limitations and the subjective character of written records. With the data collected in an appropriate manner it is possible to determine, through statistical analysis, the importance of each factor in cancer development and progression and prognosis.