Dry eye disease.

Dry eye (DED) is a multifactorial disease that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface, accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation. DED is a common clinical problem and is among the most frequent diagnoses in ophthalmology. It substantially affects quality of life because of the constant ocular discomfort and decrease in visual function. This review discusses the etiology, classification, diagnosis procedures, clinical, and surgical treatments of dry eye.

[Scleritis: clinical characteristics, systemic associations, treatment and outcome in 100 patients]. / Esclerite: características clínicas, associação sistêmica, tratamento e evolução de 100 pacientes.

PURPOSE: To document the clinical features, systemic association, treatment and evolution of 100 patients with scleritis evaluated at the Uveitis Service of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 100 patients were identified with the diagnosis of scleritis. Signals and symptoms, visual acuity, B-mode ultrasonography signals, systemic associations, treatment and evolution were described and analyzed. RESULTS: 69 patients were female and 31 were male. Diffuse and nodular anterior scleritis occurred in 71 patients, necrotizing anterior scleritis in 3, posterior scleritis in 24 and escleromalacia perforans in 2 patients. Unilateral involvement occurred in 79 patients and bilateral involvement in 21 patients. The main symptoms were ocular pain and redness and the main signal in posterior scleritis was the serous detachment of the retina. Scleritis in association with systemic disease occurred in 35 patients and the principal kind of treatment was the use of oral NSAIDs. Only 18 patients required systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Ocular complications were detected in 35 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Scleritis may represent a diagnostic challenge and is often associated with life threatening systemic disease and vision threatening ocular complications. Knowledge of scleritis may aid in determining timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of both the ocular and any associated systemic conditions, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality.

Esclerite: características clínicas, associação sistêmica, tratamento e evolução de 100 pacientes / Scleritis: clinical characteristics, systemic associations, treatment and outcome in 100 patients

OBJETIVOS: Documentar características clínicas, associações sistêmicas, tratamento e evolução de 100 pacientes com esclerite, examinados no serviço de uveítes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Identificados 100 pacientes com esclerite, registrados e analisados dados com relação às queixas dos mesmos, sinais oculares, visão, alterações ecográficas, manifestações sistêmicas, tratamento e evolução. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e nove pacientes eram mulheres e 31 homens. Esclerite anterior difusa e nodular ocorreu em 71 pacientes, esclerite anterior necrosante em 3, esclerite posterior em 24 e escleromalácia perfurans em 2 pacientes. Envolvimento unilateral em 79 e bilateral em 21 pacientes. A principal queixa foi dor ocular e o sinal fundoscópico predominante na esclerite posterior foi o descolamento seroso de retina. Em 13 pacientes a esclerite determinou o encontro de doença sistêmica e a principal forma de tratamento foi com droga anti-inflamatória não-esteróide oral. Dezoito pacientes precisaram de tratamento imunossupressor para o controle do quadro ocular e a incidência de complicação ocular foi de 35%. DISCUSSÃO: Esclerite é doença rara, às vezes de difícil diagnóstico e potencialmente devastadora, todos os esforços devem ser necessários para um diagnóstico rápido e correto dessa doença. O conhecimento sobre a esclerite, suas formas de apresentação, associações sistêmicas, tratamento e evolução são fundamentais para que possamos fazer este diagnóstico correto e conduzir o quadro ocular da maneira mais adequada possível tendo sempre como objetivo final o controle do quadro escleral e preservação da visão do paciente.

PURPOSE: To document the clinical features, systemic association, treatment and evolution of 100 patients with scleritis evaluated at the Uveitis Service of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 100 patients were identified with the diagnosis of scleritis. Signals and symptoms, visual acuity, B-mode ultrasonography signals, systemic associations, treatment and evolution were described and analyzed. RESULTS: 69 patients were female and 31 were male. Diffuse and nodular anterior scleritis occurred in 71 patients, necrotizing anterior scleritis in 3, posterior scleritis in 24 and escleromalacia perforans in 2 patients. Unilateral involvement occurred in 79 patients and bilateral involvement in 21 patients. The main symptoms were ocular pain and redness and the main signal in posterior scleritis was the serous detachment of the retina. Scleritis in association with systemic disease occurred in 35 patients and the principal kind of treatment was the use of oral NSAIDs. Only 18 patients required systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Ocular complications were detected in 35 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Scleritis may represent a diagnostic challenge and is often associated with life threatening systemic disease and vision threatening ocular complications. Knowledge of scleritis may aid in determining timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment of both the ocular and any associated systemic conditions, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality.