Inflammation: improving understanding to prevent or ameliorate kidney diseases.

Inflammatory processes are believed to play an important role in immune response to maintain tissue homeostasis by activating cellular signaling pathways and releasing inflammatory mediators in the injured tissue. Although acute inflammation can be considered protective, an uncontrolled inflammation may evolve to tissue damage, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation can be considered the major factor involved in the pathological progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Functional characteristics of this organ increase its vulnerability to developing various forms of injuries, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In view of translational research, several discoveries should be considered regarding the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process, which results in the validation of biomarkers for early detection of kidney diseases. Biomarkers enable the identification of proinflammatory mediators in kidney affections, based on laboratory research applied to clinical practice. Some inflammatory molecules can be useful biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of kidney diseases, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and interleukin 18.

Insect galls and associated fauna in two areas of Cerrado sensu stricto in the State of Bahia, Brazil.

This study inventoried and characterized the richness of galling insects based on gall morphotypes and their host plants in two Cerrado sensu stricto areas of Caetité municipality in Bahia State, Brazil, to aid the identification of galling insects and their host plants, as well as to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in the Moita dos Porcos archaeological site and João Barroca Farm site, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, during 12 months. We recorded 98 gall morphotypes on 42 plant species belonging to 36 genera and 22 families. Leguminosae, Malpighiaceae and Myrtaceae demonstrated the greatest richness of galls, and the Copaifera langsdorffii was the super-host species, with 16 gall morphotypes. Most galls occur on leaves, and may be globoid, glabrous, grouped, and are usually unilocular, and brown. The galling insects identified belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Eight plant host species and eight gall morphotypes were recorded for the first time in Cerrado areas in Brazil. The areas surveyed demonstrated high richness of gall morphotypes and host plants, evidencing the importance of studying and preserving different areas of the same biome.

Use of photography in qualitative research in the health area: scoping review. / Uso da fotografia nas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde: revisão de escopo.

This is a scoping review of which objective was to identify and to map the use of photography as a data collection technique in qualitative research in the health area. The research was guided by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and presented according to the recommendations of PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Qualitative studies in the health area that used photography as a data collection technique were included. In December 2018, data were collected from 12 databases, including articles, dissertations and theses. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The final sample consisted of 138 studies, published between 2001 and 2018, from 21 countries. Articles written by nursing researchers predominated in the sample. The main data collection techniques included photovoice, photo-elicitation and photography, mainly through the participation of adults and children. It was concluded that the main benefits of the photographic method are related to the encouragement of reflection and creativity, the break with formality during the interviews, the capture of subjective impressions and meanings and the strengthening of the participants' engagement in the research.

Trata-se de revisão de escopo cujo objetivo foi identificar e mapear o uso da fotografia como técnica de coleta de dados nas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde. A pesquisa foi guiada pelas recomendações do "Joanna Briggs Institute" e apresentada segundo as recomendações do "PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews". Foram incluídas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde que utilizaram a fotografia como técnica de coleta de dados. Em dezembro de 2018, procedeu-se com a coleta de dados em 12 bases de dados, incluindo artigos, dissertações e teses. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatística descritiva simples. A amostra final foi constituída por 138 pesquisas, publicadas entre 2001 e 2018 e proveniente de 21 países. Predominaram na amostra artigos produzidos por pesquisadores da área da Enfermagem. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados foram o "photovoice", a foto-elicitação e a fotografia, mediante participação, principalmente, de adultos e crianças. Concluiu-se que os principais benefícios do método fotográfico estão relacionados ao incentivo da reflexão e criatividade, ao rompimento com a formalidade nas entrevistas, à captação de impressões subjetivas e significados e ao fortalecimento do engajamento e do protagonismo dos participantes na pesquisa.

Uso da fotografia nas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde: revisão de escopo / Use of photography in qualitative research in the health area: scoping review

Resumo Trata-se de revisão de escopo cujo objetivo foi identificar e mapear o uso da fotografia como técnica de coleta de dados nas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde. A pesquisa foi guiada pelas recomendações do "Joanna Briggs Institute" e apresentada segundo as recomendações do "PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews". Foram incluídas pesquisas qualitativas da área da saúde que utilizaram a fotografia como técnica de coleta de dados. Em dezembro de 2018, procedeu-se com a coleta de dados em 12 bases de dados, incluindo artigos, dissertações e teses. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatística descritiva simples. A amostra final foi constituída por 138 pesquisas, publicadas entre 2001 e 2018 e proveniente de 21 países. Predominaram na amostra artigos produzidos por pesquisadores da área da Enfermagem. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados foram o "photovoice", a foto-elicitação e a fotografia, mediante participação, principalmente, de adultos e crianças. Concluiu-se que os principais benefícios do método fotográfico estão relacionados ao incentivo da reflexão e criatividade, ao rompimento com a formalidade nas entrevistas, à captação de impressões subjetivas e significados e ao fortalecimento do engajamento e do protagonismo dos participantes na pesquisa.

Abstract This is a scoping review of which objective was to identify and to map the use of photography as a data collection technique in qualitative research in the health area. The research was guided by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and presented according to the recommendations of PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Qualitative studies in the health area that used photography as a data collection technique were included. In December 2018, data were collected from 12 databases, including articles, dissertations and theses. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The final sample consisted of 138 studies, published between 2001 and 2018, from 21 countries. Articles written by nursing researchers predominated in the sample. The main data collection techniques included photovoice, photo-elicitation and photography, mainly through the participation of adults and children. It was concluded that the main benefits of the photographic method are related to the encouragement of reflection and creativity, the break with formality during the interviews, the capture of subjective impressions and meanings and the strengthening of the participants' engagement in the research.

Inflammation: improving understanding to prevent or ameliorate kidney diseases

Abstract Inflammatory processes are believed to play an important role in immune response to maintain tissue homeostasis by activating cellular signaling pathways and releasing inflammatory mediators in the injured tissue. Although acute inflammation can be considered protective, an uncontrolled inflammation may evolve to tissue damage, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation can be considered the major factor involved in the pathological progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Functional characteristics of this organ increase its vulnerability to developing various forms of injuries, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In view of translational research, several discoveries should be considered regarding the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process, which results in the validation of biomarkers for early detection of kidney diseases. Biomarkers enable the identification of proinflammatory mediators in kidney affections, based on laboratory research applied to clinical practice. Some inflammatory molecules can be useful biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of kidney diseases, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and interleukin 18.

Inflammation: improving understanding to prevent or ameliorate kidney diseases

Inflammatory processes are believed to play an important role in immune response to maintain tissue homeostasis by activating cellular signaling pathways and releasing inflammatory mediators in the injured tissue. Although acute inflammation can be considered protective, an uncontrolled inflammation may evolve to tissue damage, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammation can be considered the major factor involved in the pathological progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Functional characteristics of this organ increase its vulnerability to developing various forms of injuries, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In view of translational research, several discoveries should be considered regarding the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process, which results in the validation of biomarkers for early detection of kidney diseases. Biomarkers enable the identification of proinflammatory mediators in kidney affections, based on laboratory research applied to clinical practice. Some inflammatory molecules can be useful biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of kidney diseases, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and interleukin 18.(AU)

VEGF gene rs35569394 polymorphism in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of VEGF gene insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism (rs35569394) in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with a control population to verify its association with the pathology. METHODS: 206 women participated in this study, 103 with PCOS (group of patients) and 103 without the disease (control group). After extraction of genomic DNA from the samples, molecular analysis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis in polycrylamide. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used. Results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering the significance of p <0.05. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for allele frequencies (χ2 = 1.16, p = 0.56). The genotypic frequency distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the patients (χ2 = 2.42; p <0.05), but not for the control group (χ2 = 7.26; p <0.05). Regarding risk factors for the syndrome, a history of familial PCOS is more frequent among women with the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, there is no association between VEGF gene I / D polymorphism and PCOS.

VEGF gene rs35569394 polymorphism in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of VEGF gene insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism (rs35569394) in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with a control population to verify its association with the pathology. METHODS: 206 women participated in this study, 103 with PCOS (group of patients) and 103 without the disease (control group). After extraction of genomic DNA from the samples, molecular analysis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis in polycrylamide. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used. Results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering the significance of p <0.05. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for allele frequencies (χ2 = 1.16, p = 0.56). The genotypic frequency distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the patients (χ2 = 2.42; p <0.05), but not for the control group (χ2 = 7.26; p <0.05). Regarding risk factors for the syndrome, a history of familial PCOS is more frequent among women with the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, there is no association between VEGF gene I / D polymorphism and PCOS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a frequência do polimorfismo de inserção (I)/ deleção (D) do gene VEGF (rs35569394) em pacientes com Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos (SOP) e comparar com uma população controle para verificar sua associação com a patologia. MÉTODOS: Participaram desse estudo 206 mulheres sendo 103 com SOP (grupo de pacientes) e 103 sem a doença (grupo controle). Após extração do DNA genômico das amostras, a análise molecular foi realizada por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Utilizou-se análise descritiva, análise univariada e modelo de regressão logística. Os resultados foram apresentados em odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC-95%), considerando a significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as pacientes e controles para as frequências alélicas (χ2 = 1,16, p = 0,56). A distribuição da frequência genotípica estava em equilíbrio de Hardy Weinberg para as pacientes (χ2= 2,42; p<0,12), mas não para o grupo controle (χ2= 7,26; p<0,05). Em relação aos fatores de risco para a síndrome, a história de SOP familiar é mais frequente entre as mulheres com a síndrome. CONCLUSÕES: Na casuística estudada, não há associação entre o polimorfismo I/D do gene da VEGF e a SOP.

Beneficial Effects of Isoflavones in the Kidney of Obese Rats Are Mediated by PPAR-Gamma Expression.

Several studies have demonstrated an important association between altered lipid metabolism and the development of kidney injury because of a high-fat diet. Fructose is also closely associated with renal injury. We opted for a combination of fructose and saturated fats in a diet (DH) that is a model known to induce renal damage in order to evaluate whether soy isoflavones could have promising use in the treatment of renal alterations. After two months of ingestion, there was an expansion of visceral fat, which was associated with long-term metabolic disorders, such as sustained hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, polyuria, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, we found a decrease in renal blood flow and an increase in renal vascular resistance. Biochemical markers of chronic kidney disease were detected; there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells with an elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß), the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Notably, in rats exposed to the DH diet for 120 days, the concomitant treatment with isoflavones after 60 days was able to revert metabolic parameters, renal alterations, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. The beneficial effects of isoflavones in the kidney of the obese rats were found to be mediated by expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ).

Three new species of Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil with a key to species

Abstract Three new species, Bruggmanniella miconiae sp. nov., B. notatae sp. nov. and B. sideroxyli sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The new species are associated, respectively, with Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn (Melastomataceae), Ocotea notata (Nees and Mart.) Mez (Lauraceae) and Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. and Schult.) T. D. Penn. (Sapotaceae), respectively. The first one was collected in Dores do Indaiá city, Minas Gerais, Brazil; and the two others were collected in Mangaratiba city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An illustrated key to the Bruggmanniella species is provided.

Efeito da Justicia acuminatissima, Sara Tudo do Amazonas, na injúria renal aguda isquêmica: estudo experimental / Efecto de la planta Justicia acuminatissima, "Sana Todo del Amazonas", en la injuria renal aguda isquémica: estudio experimental / Effects of Justicia acuminatissima, or Amazonian Sara Tudo, on ischemic acute kidney injury: an experimental study

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da Justicia acuminatissima , Sara Tudo do Amazonas, na função renal, na hemodinâmica renal, no perfil oxidativo e na histologia renal em ratos com injúria renal aguda isquêmica. Método Ensaio pré-clínico com ratos Wistar, adultos, machos (250-350 g), distribuídos nos grupos Sham, Isquemia e Isquemia + Sara Tudo. Foram avaliados os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, a função renal, o estresse oxidativo e a histologia renal. Resultados O pré-tratamento com o Sara Tudo atenuou a lesão funcional, o que foi evidenciado pelo aumento no clearance de creatinina, redução dos marcadores oxidativos e elevação de tióis, pela melhora significativa do fluxo sanguíneo renal, diminuição da resistência vascular renal e redução da lesão tubulointersticial no tecido renal. Conclusão A renoproteção da Justicia acuminatissima , Sara Tudo, na injúria renal aguda isquêmica, caracterizou-se por melhora significativa da função renal, reduzindo a lesão oxidativa, com impacto positivo na histologia renal.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la planta Justicia acuminatissima , "Sana Todo del Amazonas", en la función renal, la hemodinámica renal, el perfil oxidativo y la histología renal en ratones con injuria renal aguda isquémica. Método Ensayo pre clínico con ratones Wistar, adultos, machos (250-350 g), distribuidos en los grupos Sham, Isquemia e Isquemia + Sana Todo. Fueron evaluados los parámetros hemodinámicos, la función renal, el estrés oxidativo y la histología renal. Resultados El pre tratamiento con el Sana Todo atenuó la lesión funcional, lo que fue evidenciado por el aumento en el aclaramiento de creatinina, reducción de los marcadores oxidativos y elevación de tioles, por la mejora significativa del flujo sanguíneo renal, disminución de la resistencia vascular renal y reducción de la lesión tubulointersticial en el tejido renal. Conclusión La renoprotección de la Justicia acuminatissima , "Sana Todo del Amazonas", en la injuria renal aguda isquémica se caracterizó por mejora significativa de la función renal, reduciendo la lesión oxidativa, con impacto positivo en la histología renal.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effects of Justicia acuminatissima , or Amazonian Sara Tudo , on renal hemodynamics, oxidative profile, and renal histology in rats with ischemic acute kidney injury. Method Preclinical assay with adult male Wistar rats, weighing from 250 g to 350 g, distributed into Sham, ischemia, and ischemia + Sara Tudo groups. Hemodynamic parameters, renal function, oxidative stress, and renal histology were evaluated. Results Pretreatment with Sara Tudo reduced the functional injury, which was shown by the increase in creatinine clearance and thiols; reduction of oxidative markers, renal vascular resistance, and tubulointerstitial injury in the renal tissue; and the significant improvement in renal blood flow. Conclusion The renoprotection provided by Justicia acuminatissima , or Sara Tudo , in cases of ischemic acute kidney injury was characterized by a marked improvement in renal function, reducing the oxidative injury, and impacting on renal histology positively.

Effects of Justicia acuminatissima, or Amazonian Sara Tudo, on ischemic acute kidney injury: an experimental study. / Efeito da Justicia acuminatissima, Sara Tudo do Amazonas, na injúria renal aguda isquêmica: estudo experimental.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Justicia acuminatissima , or Amazonian Sara Tudo , on renal hemodynamics, oxidative profile, and renal histology in rats with ischemic acute kidney injury. METHOD: Preclinical assay with adult male Wistar rats, weighing from 250 g to 350 g, distributed into Sham, ischemia, and ischemia + Sara Tudo groups. Hemodynamic parameters, renal function, oxidative stress, and renal histology were evaluated. RESULTS: Pretreatment with Sara Tudo reduced the functional injury, which was shown by the increase in creatinine clearance and thiols; reduction of oxidative markers, renal vascular resistance, and tubulointerstitial injury in the renal tissue; and the significant improvement in renal blood flow. CONCLUSION: The renoprotection provided by Justicia acuminatissima , or Sara Tudo , in cases of ischemic acute kidney injury was characterized by a marked improvement in renal function, reducing the oxidative injury, and impacting on renal histology positively.

Representações de enfermeiros (as) da atenção primária à saúde sobre sexualidade no contexto da prevenção das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis/HIV / Primary health care Nurses' representations on sexuality in the field of Sexually Transmitted Infections

No eixo da integralidade da atenção à saúde, a sexualidade é componente importante no cuidado prestado pelos profissionais, tanto individual como coletivamente. A abordagem da sexualidade é essencial para que os profissionais compreendam os modos como as pessoas, sob seus cuidados, bem como a população, interpretam o risco e a prevenção de doenças, relativos à saúde sexual, na amplitude do direito previsto nos ordenamentos do setor Saúde. No caminho contrário à lógica da integralidade do cuidado, ocorre o incipiente enfoque da sexualidade no cotidiano dos serviços, inclusive na assistência de enfermagem. Tal fragilidade justifica a necessidade de investigação sobre os processos que orientam as práticas dos enfermeiros e que dificultam a inserção das questões da sexualidade nas práticas assistenciais. O objetivo geral do estudo foi compreender representações de enfermeiros(as) da atenção primária à saúde sobre sexualidade, no contexto da prevenção das IST/HIV, e os objetivos específicos foram: 1/Interpretar as representações sobre sexualidade a partir das narrativas de vivências pessoais e profissionais de enfermeiros(as); 2/ Analisar a presença das representações sobre sexualidade na prática profissional relacionada à prevenção das IST/HIV. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, ancorado na Teoria das Representações Sociais, na vertente proposta por Alain Giami, e na Teoria dos Roteiros Sexuais, proposta por John Gagnon. A coleta de dados foi desenvolvida por meio de 35 entrevistas com enfermeiros(as) da Estratégia de Saúde da Família de Campina Grande-PB, Brasil, com questões para caracterização dos participantes e a seguinte questão central: "Fale-me sobre sexualidade e as IST/HIV, a partir das suas experiências. Conte-me o que quiser e como quiser". Os mesmos profissionais foram convidados a participar de grupos focais para discussão da seguinte questão: "Como são tratadas questões que envolvem a sexualidade nas práticas de saúde no contexto profissional?" Foram inseridas questões de relance, quando os assuntos surgidos não foram abordados de forma aprofundada pelo entrevistado ou pelo grupo, que foram realizados com 21 profissionais. Os dados foram organizados com auxílio do software MAXQDA® Standard 12. A análise fundamentou-se na Análise Estrutural de Narração. Resultados: A análise das trajetórias dos participantes permitiu a identificação de roteiros de sexualidade na infância, na adolescência e na formação, marcados por estereótipos, que resultaram em obstáculos às práticas de prevenção das IST/HIV. As interpretações dos enfermeiros(os) se organizam em torno de representações de sexualidade como sinônimo de sexo e práticas sexuais e de estereótipos de gênero e de sexualidade, os quais fazem parte do imaginário social, dificultam a abordagem sobre o tema, tornando-o ausente nas intervenções em saúde na APS. As representações sobre prevenção das IST/HIV estão firmadas nas representações da doença e em estereótipos de gênero e sexualidade que dificultam a comunicação com usuários(as) e implicam em práticas restritas tanto em relação ao público, quanto às estratégias implementadas. Verificou-se que enfermeiros(os) que tiveram aprendizados culturais que cooperaram para romper com mitos e tabus da sexualidade, ao menos em parte, desvelaram disposição diferenciada e inserção da abordagem sobre as práticas sexuais e IST/HIV com usuários(as) nos serviços. Conclui-se que as representações sobre sexualidade, construídas ao longo da vida, seguem roteiros que se traduzem como barreiras para a comunicação sobre sexualidade e para a prevenção das IST/HIV na atenção primária. Os resultados mostraram a necessidade de mudanças na prática de enfermagem para inserção das temáticas da sexualidade e da saúde sexual como essenciais para atenção integral em saúde. Apontou-se como necessário o investimento em processos que considerem as subjetividades dos enfermeiros e que desconstruam estereótipos presentes nas interpretações e práticas profissionais, resultando na melhoria na prevenção das IST/HIV.(AU)

In the axis of integrality of health care, sexuality is an important component in the care provided by professionals, both individually and collectively. The sexuality approach is essential for health practitioners to understand the ways in which caregivers as well as the population interpret the risk and prevention of diseases related to sexual activity and sexual health in the breadth of the law provided for regulations of the health sector. On the contrary way to the logic of integral care, there is the incipient focus of sexuality in the daily life of services, including nursing care. This fragility in health care justifies the need to investigate the processes that guide nurses' practices and that make it difficult to introduce sexuality issues in care practices. In this study, we sought to explore the gap in primary health care in the field of STI / HIV prevention and control. The general objective of the study was to understand the representation of primary care nurses on sexuality, especially in STI/ HIV care, and the specific objectives were 1/ To interpret the representations about sexuality from Nurses' narratives about personal and professional experiences; 2/ To analyze the presence of these representations in the primary health care, in relation to the prevention of STI/HIV, from nurses' viewpoint. This is a qualitative study, anchored in the critical axis of the Theory of Social Representations, based on the perspective proposed by Alain Giami, and in the Sexual Script Theory, proposed by John Gagnon. For data collection it has been carried out 35 interviews with Nurses of the Family Health Program of the city of Campina Grande (Paraíba, Brazil) with questions to characterize the participants and the following central question: "Tell me about sexuality, based on your life experiences, including professionals. Say what you think the way you want", the same professionals has been invited to participate in the focus groups with the following central question: "How are issues that involve sexuality in health practices in the professional context?" Questions were inserted at a glance when the issues raised were not dealt with in depth by the interviewee or the group, with 21 participants. The data were organized by using the software MAXQDA® Standard 12. The analysis was based on Structural Analysis of Narration. Results: The analysis of the participants' trajectories has allowed the identification of Sexual's Scripts in childhood, adolescence and in the professional undergraduation course, presented by stereotypes which results in barriers to prevention of STI/HIV. The Nurses' interpretation are organized in of sexuality representations as synonymous of sexual relation, sex and gender stereotypes and sexuality, those as a part social imaginary, turn into difficult to deal with the theme, becoming it absent in the Health Care Assistance at Health Family Program Units. The representation about prevention of STI/HIV are based on the representation of illness and gender stereotypes and sexuality, which causing problems for communication with the users and leading to strictly practices in relation to the public and to the implemented stratregies. It has been verified that Nurses who has cultural apprenticeship which cooperate to deconstruct myths and taboos about sexuality, besides, those individuals show a disposition to include approaches about sexual practices an STI/HIV for the users. It can be concluded that these representations about sexuality, learned throughout life, follow scripts translated as barriers to communication about sexuality and to the prevention of STI/HIV in primary health care. The results show that is necessary to change the Nursing Practice in order to introduce Sexuality and Sexual Health as fundamental for Comprehensive Healthcare Policy. It is necessary to invest in processes that take into account Nurses'subjectivies and deconstruct stereotypes presented in the interpretations of professional practices, resulting in improvement for prevention of STI/HIV.(AU)

Occurrence and characterization of entomogenic galls in an area of Cerrado sensu stricto and Gallery forest of the state of Bahia, Brazil.

We surveyed insect galls in an area of Cerrado sensu stricto and Gallery forest in the municipality of Caetité (BA) to contribute to current knowledge of the local flora and its associated gall-inducing insects. Monthly collections were made between February/2015 and January/2016, totaling 12 field campaigns (involving two or three people and lasting four hours) that followed an established path through the countryside. A total of 63 gall morphotypes were identified on 47 host plant species belonging to 22 families; 17 morphotypes were found in the Gallery forest and 46 in Cerrado vegetation. The plant families showing the greatest gall richness were Leguminosae (n=15), Myrtaceae (n=9), and Asteraceae (n=7). The species with the greatest number of galls was Mimosa gemmulata Barneby (Leguminosae) (n=3). Most galls were observed on leaves (66%) and stems (24%); they were mostly green (49.3%) or brown (26%), with globoid shapes (39.7%) or marginal roll (17.4%), and were unilocular (87%), glabrous (62%) and isolated (89%). Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the principal gall-inducing insects. The associated fauna was principally composed of Hymenoptera. Eight plant taxa were recorded for the first time as hosts of galling fauna.

Diabetes Mellitus: a risk factor for drug toxicity. / Diabetes Mellitus: fator de risco para toxicidade de medicamentos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the antibiotic Gentamicin in an experimental model in the presence of Diabetes Mellitus through renal function and oxidative profile. METHOD: Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Citrate; Gentamicin (Genta), (intraperitoneal, i.p. gentamicin, 100 mg/kg of body weight, once a day,5 days); DM (60 mg/kg of STZ (Streptozotocin), single dose, intravenously, i.v., diluted in citrate buffer); and DM+Genta. Physiological parameters, renal function (creatinine clearance), oxidative damage (peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - urinary TBARS) and renal hemodynamics were evaluated. RESULTS: The Diabetes Mellitus group presented chronic hyperglycemia associated with loss of body weight, polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria, in addition to reduced renal function and with an increase in oxidative metabolite excretion. Administration of gentamicin induced a reduction in renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance in healthy rats. The association of Diabetes Mellitus with gentamicin resulted in an additional reduction in renal function and elevation of oxidative metabolites, with increased renal vascular resistance. CONCLUSION: The existence of Diabetes Mellitus resulted in an elevation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity, thus confirming the risk factor for drug nephrotoxicity.

Diabetes Mellitus: fator de risco para toxicidade de medicamentos / Diabetes Mellitus: factor de riesgo para toxicidad de fármacos / Diabetes Mellitus: a risk factor for drug toxicity

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do antibiótico gentamicina em modelo experimental na presença de Diabetes Mellitus por meio da função renal e perfil oxidativo. Método Ratos Wistar, adultos, machos, foram distribuídos nos grupos: Citrato; Gentamicina (Genta), (gentamicina 100 mg/kg de peso corporal, 1 vez ao dia, intraperitoneal, i.p., 5 dias); DM (60 mg/kg de STZ, intravenosa, i.v., dose única, diluída em tampão citrato) e DM+Genta. Foram avaliados os parâmetros fisiológicos, a função renal (clearance de creatinina), a lesão oxidativa (peróxidos e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico − TBARS urinários) e a hemodinâmica renal. Resultados O grupo Diabetes Mellitus apresentou hiperglicemia crônica, associada à perda de peso corporal, polifagia, polidipsia e poliúria, além de redução da função renal, com aumento na excreção de metabólitos oxidativos. A administração de gentamicina induziu a redução do fluxo sanguíneo renal e o aumento da resistência vascular renal em ratos saudáveis. A associação do Diabetes Mellitus com gentamicina resultou em redução adicional na função renal e elevação de metabólitos oxidativos, com aumento de resistência vascular renal. Conclusão A existência de Diabetes Mellitus determinou a elevação da nefrotoxicidade da gentamicina e se confirmou como fator de risco para nefrotoxicidade de medicamentos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del antibiótico gentamicina en modelo experimental en la presencia de Diabetes Mellitus mediante la función renal y el perfil oxidativo. Método Ratas Wistar, adultas, machos, fueron distribuidas en los grupos: Citrato; Gentamicina (Genta), (gentamicina 100 mg/kg de peso corporal, 1 vez al día, intraperitoneal, i.p., 5 días); DM (60 mg/kg de STZ, intravenosa, i.v., dosis única, diluida en tampón citrato) y DM+Genta. Fueron evaluados los parámetros fisiológicos, la función renal (aclaramiento de creatinina), la lesión oxidativa (peróxidos y sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARS urinarios) y la hemodinámica renal. Resultados El grupo Diabetes Mellitus presentó hiperglucemia crónica, asociada con pérdida de peso corporal, polifagia, polidipsia y poliuria, además de reducción de la función renal, con aumento en la secreción de metabolitos oxidativos. La administración de gentamicina indujo a la reducción del flujo sanguíneo renal y al incremento de la resistencia vascular renal en ratas sanas. La asociación del Diabetes Mellitus con gentamicina resultó en reducción adicional en la función renal y elevación de metabolitos oxidativos, con aumento de resistencia vascular renal. Conclusión La existencia de Diabetes Mellitus determinó la elevación de la nefrotoxicidad de la gentamicina y se confirmó como factor de riesgo para nefrotoxicidad de fármacos.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the effect of the antibiotic Gentamicin in an experimental model in the presence of Diabetes Mellitus through renal function and oxidative profile. Method Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Citrate; Gentamicin (Genta), (intraperitoneal, i.p. gentamicin, 100 mg/kg of body weight, once a day,5 days); DM (60 mg/kg of STZ (Streptozotocin), single dose, intravenously, i.v., diluted in citrate buffer); and DM+Genta. Physiological parameters, renal function (creatinine clearance), oxidative damage (peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - urinary TBARS) and renal hemodynamics were evaluated. Results The Diabetes Mellitus group presented chronic hyperglycemia associated with loss of body weight, polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria, in addition to reduced renal function and with an increase in oxidative metabolite excretion. Administration of gentamicin induced a reduction in renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance in healthy rats. The association of Diabetes Mellitus with gentamicin resulted in an additional reduction in renal function and elevation of oxidative metabolites, with increased renal vascular resistance. Conclusion The existence of Diabetes Mellitus resulted in an elevation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity, thus confirming the risk factor for drug nephrotoxicity.

Insect galls in Rupestrian field and Cerrado stricto sensu vegetation in Caetité, Bahia, Brazil / Galhas de insetos em vegetação de Campo Rupestre e de Cerrado stricto sensu de Caetité, Bahia, Brasil

Abstract: We investigated insect galls in Rupestrian field and Cerrado vegetation in the municipality of Caetité (BA), Brazil, between August/2015 and June/2016. This is the first study of gall diversity in Rupestrian field vegetation in that state. We encountered 48 different morphotypes of galls, distributed among 17 different plant species belonging to 13 genera and 21 host plant families. The greatest gall richness was observed in Cerrado (n=39) as compared to Rupestrian field (n=9) vegetation. The principal botanical families observed with galls were Leguminosae, Malpighiaceae, and Myrtaceae, with 10, 8 and 4 morphotypes, respectively. The genera showing the greatest gall diversity were Copaifera L. (n=6) (Leguminosae-Detarioideae), Croton L. (n=2) (Euphorbiaceae), Mimosa L. (n=2) (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth (n=2) (Malpighiaceae), and Eugenia L. (n=2) (Myrtaceae). The super-host species was Copaifera sabulicola J.A.S. Costa & L.P. Queiroz (n= 5). Most galls occurred on leaves, being globoid, glabrous, isolated, and unilocular. Most gall-inducing insect species belong to the Cecidomyiidae family, while the associated fauna was represented by Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. We recorded here for the first time galls on Ocotea velutina (Mart. ex Ness) Rohwer (Lauraceae) and Miconia alborufescens Naudin (Melastomataceae). The results indicate the need for more studies to understand the dynamics of the insect-induced galls in Rupestrian field.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou e caracterizou as galhas de uma área de Campo rupestre e de Cerrado no município de Caetité (BA) no período de agosto de 2015 a junho de 2016. Esta é a primeira contribuição para o conhecimento da diversidade de galhas de Campo rupestre neste estado. Foram registrados 48 morfotipos de galhas distribuídas em 17 espécies distintas, pertencentes a 13 gêneros e 21 famílias de plantas hospedeiras. A maior riqueza de galhas foi observada no Cerrado (n=39), quando comparada com o Campo rupestre (n=9). As famílias botânicas mais ricas em galhas foram Leguminosae, Malpighiaceae e Myrtaceae, com 10, 8 e 4 morfotipos, respectivamente. Os gêneros com maior diversidade de galhas foram Copaifera L. (n=6) (Leguminosae-Detarioideae), Croton L. (n=2) (Euphorbiaceae), Mimosa L. (n=2) (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), Byrsonima Rich. ex Kunth (n=2) (Malpighiaceae) e Eugenia L. (n=2) (Myrtaceae). A espécie super-hospedeira foi Copaifera sabulicola J.A.S. Costa & L.P. Queiroz (n= 5). A maioria das galhas ocorreu nas folhas, sendo globoides, glabras, isoladas e uniloculares. A maioria dos indutores pertence à família Cecidomyiidae, enquanto que a fauna associada está representada por Hymenoptera e Lepidoptera. Foram registradas pela primeira vez galhas em Ocotea velutina (Mart. ex Ness) Rohwer (Lauraceae) e Miconia alborufescens Naudin (Melastomataceae). Os resultados encontrados indicam a necessidade de mais estudos para entender a dinâmica dos insetos indutores de galhas em Campos rupestres.

The role of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar, adult, male rats were used in the study. Animals were divided in the following groups: Citrate (control, citrate buffer 0.01M, pH 4.2 was administrated intravenously - i.v - in the caudal vein), Uninephrectomy+Citrate (left uninephrectomy-20 days before the study), DM (streptozotocin, 65 mg/kg, i.v, on the 20th day of the study), Uninephrectomy+DM. Physiological parameters (water and food intake, body weight, blood glucose, kidney weight, and relative kidney weight); renal function (creatinine clearance), urine albumin (immunodiffusion method); oxidative metabolites (urinary peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and thiols in renal tissue), and kidney histology were evaluated. RESULTS: Polyphagia, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and reduced body weight were observed in diabetic rats. Renal function was reduced in diabetic groups (creatinine clearance, p < 0.05). Uninephrectomy potentiated urine albumin and increased kidney weight and relative kidney weight in diabetic animals (p < 0.05). Urinary peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased, and the reduction in thiol levels demonstrated endogenous substrate consumption in diabetic groups (p < 0.05). The histological analysis revealed moderate lesions of diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION: This study confirms lipid peroxidation and intense consumption of the antioxidant defense system in diabetic rats. The association of hyperglycemia and uninephrectomy resulted in additional renal injury, demonstrating that the model is adequate for the study of diabetic nephropathy.

The role of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in an experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Materials and methods Wistar, adult, male rats were used in the study. Animals were divided in the following groups: Citrate (control, citrate buffer 0.01M, pH 4.2 was administrated intravenously - i.v - in the caudal vein), Uninephrectomy+Citrate (left uninephrectomy-20 days before the study), DM (streptozotocin, 65 mg/kg, i.v, on the 20th day of the study), Uninephrectomy+DM. Physiological parameters (water and food intake, body weight, blood glucose, kidney weight, and relative kidney weight); renal function (creatinine clearance), urine albumin (immunodiffusion method); oxidative metabolites (urinary peroxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and thiols in renal tissue), and kidney histology were evaluated. Results Polyphagia, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and reduced body weight were observed in diabetic rats. Renal function was reduced in diabetic groups (creatinine clearance, p < 0.05). Uninephrectomy potentiated urine albumin and increased kidney weight and relative kidney weight in diabetic animals (p < 0.05). Urinary peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased, and the reduction in thiol levels demonstrated endogenous substrate consumption in diabetic groups (p < 0.05). The histological analysis revealed moderate lesions of diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion This study confirms lipid peroxidation and intense consumption of the antioxidant defense system in diabetic rats. The association of hyperglycemia and uninephrectomy resulted in additional renal injury, demonstrating that the model is adequate for the study of diabetic nephropathy.

Diversity of insect galls associated with coastal shrub vegetation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Surveys in the coastal sandy plains (restingas) of Rio de Janeiro have shown a great richness of galls. We investigated the galling insects in two preserved restingas areas of Rio de Janeiro state: Parque Estadual da Costa do Sol and Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Fazenda Caruara. The collections were done each two months, from June 2011 to May 2012. We investigated 38 points during 45 minutes each per collection. The galls were taken to the laboratory for rearing the insects. A total number of 151 insect galls were found in 82 plant species distributed into 34 botanic families. Most of the galls occurred on leaves and the plant families with the highest richness of galls were Myrtaceae and Fabaceae. All the six insect orders with galling species were found in this survey, where Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) was the main galler group. Hymenoptera and Thysanoptera were found as parasitoids and inquilines in 29 galls. The richness of galls in the surveyed areas reveals the importance of restinga for the composition and diversity of gall-inducing insect fauna.