Consumption of meat, eggs and dairy products is associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance in Brazilian athletes - A cross-sectional study / El consumo de carne, huevos y productos lácteos se asocia al rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico en los deportistas brasileños: un estudio transversal

Objective: to associate food consumption according to the groups that make up the food pyramid with the aerobic and anaerobic performance of Brazilian athletes. Method: a cross-sectional study of 168 athletes with a mean age and BMI of 20.84 ± 7.74 years and 22.88 ± 3.1 kg/m², respectively. Results: maximum power output was significantly associated with the meat and eggs groups (ß = 0.31; p < 0.05). VO2max exhibited a positive relationship with the fruit group (ß = 0.29; p < 0.05). A significant inverse relation between VO2max and the legumes group was observed (ß = -0.76; p < 0.05). The meat and eggs group and the dairy products group had an inverse and significant association with VO2max (ß = -0.43; p < 0.01). Conclusions: consumption of meat and eggs showed a positive association with anaerobic performance, whereas the same group and the dairy products group had a negative association with aerobic performance

Objectivo: asociar el consumo de alimentos según los grupos que componen la pirámide de alimentos con el rendimiento aeróbico y anaeróbico de deportistas brasileños. Método: estudio transversal de 168 deportistas con una media de edad e IMC de 20,84 ± 7,74 años y 22,88 ± 3,1 kg/m², respectivamente. Resultados: la potencia máxima se asoció significativamente con el consumo de los grupos de carne y huevos (ß = 0,31; p < 0,05). El VO2max mostró una relación positiva con el grupo de la fruta (ß = 0,29; p < 0,05). Se observó una relación inversa significativa entre el VO2max y el grupo de las leguminosas (ß = -0,76; p < 0,05). El grupo de carnes y huevos y el grupo de productos lácteos tuvieron una asociación inversa y significativa con el VO2max (ß = -0,43; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: el consumo de carne y huevos mostró una asociación positiva con el rendimiento anaeróbico, mientras que el mismo grupo y los productos lácteos se asociaron de forma negativa al rendimiento aeróbico

Adequacy of energy and macronutrient intake of food supplements for athletes / Suplementos alimentares na adequação do consumo energético e de macronutrientes em atletas

ABSTRACT Objective To assess how much food supplements contribute to the nutritional adequacy of energy and macronutrients in relation those recommended for athletes. Methods This was a cross sectional study was composed of 182 athletes from 19 sports (150 men and 32 women) with a mean age, weight, height and body mass index of 23.8±7.5 years, 73.7±15.6kg, 1.7±0.1m, 24.2±4.0kg/m², respectively. The 24 hours dietary recall was applied to assess intake and the Multiple Source Method to evaluate usual intake. We used the t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis for comparative analysis among the diets, gender and types of groups, and the comparison of two-proportion test to assess the diets Food and Food and Supplementation. Results Of the athletes studied, less than half used dietary supplements (39.0%). Energy intake was below the recommended (52.7%) in Food diet, and 45.6% in Food and Supplementation diet. The mean total of carbohydrate inadequacy (g.kg-1.day-1) was high for athletes of both genders and between Food and Food and Supplementation diets. The protein intake was above the recommended levels in Food diet (23.1%) and in Food and Supplementation diet (33.5%). The lipid intake was also above the recommended dietary levels in Food (47.3%) and in Food and Supplementation diets (50.0%). Conclusion The use of supplements did not significantly reduce inadequacies of diet and the athletes' intake of calories and carbohydrates was below the recommended for these groups. However, the protein intake was above the recommended levels for athletes.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a contribuição dos suplementos alimentares para a adequação nutricional de energia e macronutrientes em relação às recomendações propostas para atletas. Métodos Estudo transversal, composto por 182 atletas de 19 modalidades esportivas (150 homens e 32 mulheres), com média de idade, peso, altura e índice de massa corporal de 23,8±7,5 anos, 73,7±15,6kg, 1,7±0,1m, 24,2±4,0kg/m², respectivamente. Foi aplicado recordatório de 24 horas para avaliação do consumo e o Multiple Source Method para avaliação do consumo usual. Foram usados: teste-t, Mann-Whitney, Analises de Variância e Kruskal-Wallis para análise de comparação entre as dietas, por gênero e grupos de modalidades, e teste de comparação entre duas proporções para avaliar as dietas Alimentos e Alimentos e Suplementos. Resultados Menos da metade fazia uso de suplementos alimentares (39,0%). O consumo energético esteve abaixo do recomendado em 52,7% na dieta Alimentos, e 45,6% na dieta Alimentos e Suplementos. A inadequação de carboidrato (g.kg-1.dia-1) foi alta na média total de atletas, para gêneros e entre modalidades nas dietas Alimentos e Alimentos e Suplementos. O consumo proteico esteve acima do recomendado em 23,1% na dieta Alimentos e 33,5% na dieta Alimentos e Suplementos. Já para lipídeos a ingestão esteve acima do recomendado 47,3% na dieta Alimentos e 50,0% na dieta Alimentos e Suplementos. Conclusão O uso de suplementos não auxiliou na diminuição das inadequações de forma expressiva, permanecendo os atletas abaixo das recomendações preconizadas para calorias e glicídios, porém aumentou a quantidade de atletas acima da recomendação de proteína.

Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes / Factores asociados con la suplementación de la dieta entre los atletas brasileños

Background: Many factors can influence an athlete to consume dietary supplements, such as age, sex and sports, among others. Few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors are available for athletes, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 182 athletes of both sexes. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports information, current consumption of supplements, consumption of pharmacological substances and information on body image disorder (Body Shape Questionnaire) and muscle dysmorphia (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). Analyses were performed using Pearson’s Chi-squared test, the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: In the bivariate analysis, the male gender, age between 25-29 years, engaging in a remunerated activity, consumption of pharmacological substances, body image disorder, risk of muscle dysmorphia, power modality athletes and lack of medical care were factors associated with supplement intake. After the regression analysis, the consumption of supplements was associated with the male gender (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01; 2.78; p = 0.044), use of pharmacological substances (PR: 1.77; 95 %: 1.37; 2.27; p < 0.001) and the risk of muscle dysmorphia (PR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37; 2.23; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this research clearly demonstrate the importance of professionals working closely with athletes to continuously monitor their use of supplements, since it was an alimentary behavior associated with other risk behavior (pharmacological use) as well as image disorders (muscle dysmorphia) (AU)

Introducción: muchos factores, tales como edad, sexo, deporte, entre otros, llevan al atleta a consumir suplementos alimenticios. Existen pocos estudios sobre prevalencia y factores asociados en atletas, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos alimenticios entre atletas brasileños. Material y métodos: se trata de un estudio de corte transversal realizado con 182 atletas de ambos sexos. Los atletas respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía información sociodemográfica y deportiva, consumo actual de suplementos, consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, y también sobre distorsión de la imagen corporal (BSQ) y dismorfia muscular (MASS). Resultados: en el análisis bivariado, el sexo masculino, la edad entre 25 a 29 años, ejercer actividad remunerada, el consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, la distorsión de la imagen corporal, el riesgo de dismorfia muscular, la modalidad de fuerza y la ausencia de asistencia médica fueron los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos. Después del análisis de regresión, el consumo de suplementos fue asociado al sexo masculino (RPA: 1,68; IC 95%: 1,01; 2,78; p = 0,044), consumo de sustancias farmacológicas (RPA: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,27; p < 0,001) y riesgo de dismorfia muscular (RPA: 1,75; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,23; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio mostraron claramente la importancia de los profesionales que trabajan junto a los atletas para monitorizar continuamente el uso de suplementos, puesto que se trataba de un comportamiento alimentario asociado a otros comportamientos de riesgo (uso farmacológico) o a trastornos de la imagen (dismorfia muscular) (AU)