Satellite-observed pantropical carbon dynamics.

Changes in terrestrial tropical carbon stocks have an important role in the global carbon budget. However, current observational tools do not allow accurate and large-scale monitoring of the spatial distribution and dynamics of carbon stocks1. Here, we used low-frequency L-band passive microwave observations to compute a direct and spatially explicit quantification of annual aboveground carbon (AGC) fluxes and show that the tropical net AGC budget was approximately in balance during 2010 to 2017, the net budget being composed of gross losses of -2.86 PgC yr-1 offset by gross gains of -2.97 PgC yr-1 between continents. Large interannual and spatial fluctuations of tropical AGC were quantified during the wet 2011 La Niña year and throughout the extreme dry and warm 2015-2016 El Niño episode. These interannual fluctuations, controlled predominantly by semiarid biomes, were shown to be closely related to independent global atmospheric CO2 growth-rate anomalies (Pearson's r = 0.86), highlighting the pivotal role of tropical AGC in the global carbon budget.

Association of Presence of Band Cells and Toxic Neutrophils with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Outcome in Horses with Acute Disease.

BACKGROUND: Band cells and toxic neutrophils are thought to indicate acute and severe systemic illness but no studies have investigated their importance in adult equine emergency admissions. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of band cells and toxic neutrophils with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and outcome in horses. ANIMALS: One hundred and five adult horses admitted on emergency basis to a private primary referral practice. METHODS: Prospective observational study with sample collection. All horses admitted on emergency basis over the study period were included in the study if they had a CBC and a blood smear collected on admission. RESULTS: The detection of band neutrophils on admission was associated with the SIRS status of the horse (RR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.57-4.99; P < .001) and with poor outcome (RR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05-3.37; P = .038). Similarly, the presence of a neutrophil toxic grade higher than 3 was associated with SIRS (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03-2.82; P = .034) and death (RR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.22-4.50, P = .007). The information gained from the blood smear review could not be captured by looking at only the WBC or neutrophil count. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The microscopic review of blood smears from critically ill horses to detect band cells or neutrophil toxic change is valuable and could help in assessing disease severity and prognosis in adult equine emergency admissions.

Carbon dioxide, but not isoflurane, elicits ultrasonic vocalizations in female rats.

Gradual filling of a chamber with carbon dioxide is currently listed by the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines as a conditionally acceptable method of euthanasia for rats. Behavioural evidence suggests, however, that exposure to carbon dioxide gas is aversive. Isoflurane is less aversive than carbon dioxide and may be a viable alternative, though objective data are lacking for the period leading up to loss of consciousness. It has been shown that during negative states, such as pain and distress, rats produce ultrasonic vocalizations. The objective of this study was to detect ultrasonic vocalizations during exposure to carbon dioxide gas or isoflurane as an indicator of a negative state. Specialized recording equipment, with a frequency detection range of 10 to 200 kHz, was used to register these calls during administration of each agent. Nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either carbon dioxide or isoflurane on two different occasions. All rats vocalized in the ultrasonic range (30 to 70 kHz) during exposure to carbon dioxide. When exposed to isoflurane, no calls were detected from any of the animals. The frequent occurrence of ultrasonic vocalizations during carbon dioxide exposure suggests that the common practice of carbon dioxide euthanasia is aversive to rats and that isoflurane may be a preferable alternative.

Immunohistochemical and histochemical stains for differentiating canine cutaneous round cell tumors.

Immunohistochemical and histochemical stains are useful adjunct techniques in the diagnosis of canine cutaneous round cell tumors, which can appear histologically similar. We applied a panel of monoclonal antibodies (recognizing tryptase, chymase, serotonin for mast cells; CD1a, CD18, MHC class II for histiocytes; CD3 for T lymphocytes; CD79a for B lymphocytes and plasma cells) and one histochemical stain (naphthol AS-D chloroacetate for chymase activity) to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, histiocytomas, lymphosarcomas, plasmacytomas, and unidentified round cell tumors. Of 21 tumors with a histologic diagnosis of mast cell tumor, 7/7 (100%) grade I, 6/7 (85.7%) grade II, and 3/7 (42.9%) grade III tumors were diagnosed as mast cell tumors based on positive staining for tryptase antigen and chymase activity. Mast cells were positive for both tryptase antigen and chymase activity, indicating equal efficacy of tryptase immunohistochemistry and chymase histochemistry. Chymase was detected immunohistochemically in both tumor and nontumor cells, while serotonin was not detected in most mast cell tumors, and thus, neither was useful in the diagnosis of mast cell tumors. Immunohistochemistry to detect CD18 and MHC class II was equally effective in staining histiocytomas, although lymphosarcoma must be ruled out through the use of CD3 and CD79a immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry using three different monoclonal antibodies to human CD1a showed no cross-reactivity in canine histiocytomas and was not useful. A final diagnosis was obtained for 4/5 (80%) of the unidentified tumors, indicating the usefulness of multiple stains in poorly differentiated round cell tumors.

Anestesia conductiva para operación cesárea en paciente con estenosis de prótesis aórtica mecánica / Conductive anesthesia for cesarean section in patient with aortic stenosis

Reportamos el caso de una paciente de 34 años, primigestante, con reemplazo valvular mecánico aórtico y mitral, pero con disfunción de la prótesis aórtica con evidencia ecocardiográfica de estenosis con un área valvular menor de 0.6 cm2 . Aunque existen controversias acerca del uso de anestesia regional en estas pacientes, fue utilizada una técnica epidural con monitoreo invasivo. Discutimos los objetivos hemodinámicos de cualquier técnica anestésica en pacientes con este tipo de patología y concluimos que una anestesia epidural puede ser utilizada manteniendo la paciente con presión de llenado ventricular izquierdo adecuada y evitando disminuciones súbitas en la resistencia vascular sistémica. La paciente fue sometida a cesárea obteniéndose un bebé en buenas condiciones y no se presentó ninguna complicación

Síndrome neurológico tardío en enfermos de fiebre hemorrágica argentina tratados con plasma inmune / Late neurologic syndorme in cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma

Estudios realizados en 797 casos de FHA demuestran que en el 8-10% de los enfermos tratados con plasma inmune se presenta un síndrome neurológico tardío (SNT). Este síndrome aparece luego de un intervalo libre y está caracterizado por un cuadro febril con manifestaciones predominantes cerebelosas. El SNT es generalmente benigno y con tratamiento sintomático la mayoría de los enfermos evolucionan hacia la curación sin secuelas. Por varias razones se excluye la posibilidad de que el SNT sea producido por un agente adventicio presente en las unidades de plasma. El SNT se diferencia en varios aspectos de las manifestaciones neurológicas del período agudo de la FHA. No se ha logrado aislar virus Junín de la sangre ni del LCR de enfermos con SNT. En el LCR hay cambios constantes, tales como un moderado incremento en el número de células y la presencia de anticuerpos específicos contra el virus Junín. La respuesta humoral primaria evidencia una tendencia a la seroconversión más tardía, pero con títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus Junín significativamente más elevados que los de los enfermos sin SNT. El SNT se presenta exclusivamente en pacientes que fueron tratados con plasma inmune, pero no está correlacionado con el día de evolución en que se administró el plasma ni con las dosis de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus Junín transfundidas. Las características del SNT sugieren la participación de mecanismos inmunológicos en su patogenia. Se discuten varias hipótesis, tales como la de una persistencia del virus Junín o sus antígenos en el sistema nervioso central y se analiza el significado de la asociación entre el SNT y el tratamiento con plasma inmune. Se plantea la posibilidad de que este cuadro sea análogo a otras encefalitis post-infecciosas, señalando la elevada incidencia del SNT de la FHA (AU)

Síndrome neurológico tardío en enfermos de fiebre hemorrágica argentina tratados con plasma inmune / Late neurologic syndorme in cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma

Estudios realizados en 797 casos de FHA demuestran que en el 8-10% de los enfermos tratados con plasma inmune se presenta un síndrome neurológico tardío (SNT). Este síndrome aparece luego de un intervalo libre y está caracterizado por un cuadro febril con manifestaciones predominantes cerebelosas. El SNT es generalmente benigno y con tratamiento sintomático la mayoría de los enfermos evolucionan hacia la curación sin secuelas. Por varias razones se excluye la posibilidad de que el SNT sea producido por un agente adventicio presente en las unidades de plasma. El SNT se diferencia en varios aspectos de las manifestaciones neurológicas del período agudo de la FHA. No se ha logrado aislar virus Junín de la sangre ni del LCR de enfermos con SNT. En el LCR hay cambios constantes, tales como un moderado incremento en el número de células y la presencia de anticuerpos específicos contra el virus Junín. La respuesta humoral primaria evidencia una tendencia a la seroconversión más tardía, pero con títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus Junín significativamente más elevados que los de los enfermos sin SNT. El SNT se presenta exclusivamente en pacientes que fueron tratados con plasma inmune, pero no está correlacionado con el día de evolución en que se administró el plasma ni con las dosis de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus Junín transfundidas. Las características del SNT sugieren la participación de mecanismos inmunológicos en su patogenia. Se discuten varias hipótesis, tales como la de una persistencia del virus Junín o sus antígenos en el sistema nervioso central y se analiza el significado de la asociación entre el SNT y el tratamiento con plasma inmune. Se plantea la posibilidad de que este cuadro sea análogo a otras encefalitis post-infecciosas, señalando la elevada incidencia del SNT de la FHA

Importance of dose of neutralising antibodies in treatment of Argentine haemorrhagic fever with immune plasma.

P6 a retrospective study outcome in patients with Argentine haemorrhagic fever was associated with the amount of neutralising antibodies against Junin virus present in the transfused units of immune plasma. Low doses of neutralising antibodies were associated with higher mortality. A prospective study gave comparable results. A dose of no less than 3000 therapeutic units of neutralising antibodies per kg body weight is recommended. It is also suggested that the lack of effectiveness of immune plasma in the treatment of other viral haemorrhagic fevers, such as Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, may be due to a low dose of the specific neutralising antibodies.

Efficacy of immune plasma in treatment of Argentine haemorrhagic fever and association between treatment and a late neurological syndrome.

In a double-blind trial patients with Argentine haemorrhagic fever treated with immune plasma within 8 days of the onset of the disease had a much lower mortality than those given normal plasma. Some patients treated with immune plasma developed late neurological complications.

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies in five cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on tissues from five patients with Argentine hemorrhagic fever revealed previously undetected lesions caused by the viral infection. Two types of particle were seen in the cells of all organs examined. The particles had some characteristics similar to those described for arenaviruses. However, the virus-like particles were intracellular, had a single membrane, and apparently originated by a process of budding into the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Intranuclear bodies and three types of cytopolasmic change were observed in conjunction with the virus-like particles; Antigenic determinants of Junin virus were demonstrated in cells of all organs examined. Immunohistochemical experiments also indicated alterations in the cellular mechanisms of protein synthesis. Until now the pathogenesis of human diseases produced by arenaviruses has not been established. The results of this study suggest that in Argentine hemorrhagic fever the virus is responsible for a direct pathogenic action.