Confiabilidad y validez de criterio del cuestionario del sentido de la vida en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica / Reliability and criterion validity of the meaning in life scale in chilean chronic hemodialysis patients

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad y validez de criterio de la versión española del Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida (Meaning in Life Scale, MiLS) en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, sobre una muestra consecutiva de 244 personas en hemodiálisis crónica, beneficiarios del Servicio de Salud de la Región de Ñuble. El cuestionario MiLS consta de 21 ítems y cuatro dimensiones: Propósito de Vida, Falta de Significado, Paz Interior y Beneficios de la Espiritualidad. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y análisis correlacional. La consistencia interna se determinó mediante el a de Cronbach. Los datos fueron analizados con el software estadístico SPSS v. 23. Resultados: La consistencia interna del cuestionario fue de 0,82. La puntuación global normalizada fue de 6,3. La puntuación global del cuestionario al igual que sus dimensiones correlacionan significativamente con todas las subvariables de bienestar subjetivo (p <0,01). Conclusión: El Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida ha mostrado ser un instrumento viable, fiable y presentar apropiada validez de criterio para evaluar el bienestar espiritual de las personas en hemodiálisis. La evaluación del bienestar espiritual puede ser de utilidad para la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the reliability and criterion validity of the Spanish version of the Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS) in Chilean chronic hemodialysis patients. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study on a consecutive sample of 244 patients under chronic hemodialysis in the Ñuble Region Health Service. The MiLS questionnaire consists of 21 items and 4 dimensions: Life Purpose, Lack of Meaning, Inner Peace and Benefits of Spirituality. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were applied. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's a. Data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS v. 23. Results: Internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.82. Standard global score was 6.3. The overall questionnaire score as well as the dimensions correlate significantly with all subjective well-being variables (p <0.01). Conclusions: The Meaning in Life Questionnaire has been shown to be a viable, reliable instrument and to present appropriate criterion validity to evaluate the spiritual well-being of patients under hemodialysis therapy. Consequently, the evaluation of spiritual well-being may be useful for clinical practice.

¿Existe Violencia Escolar en Educación Infantil y Primaria? Una propuesta para su evaluación y gestión / Does School Violence Occur in Preschool and Primary Education? An Assessment and Management Proposal

La tradición investigadora de la violencia escolar se ha centrado fundamentalmente en los últimos ciclos de Educación Primaria y en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, abordándose muy poco la presencia, características, evaluación e intervención de los problemas interpersonales en edades tempranas. El objetivo del presente estudio es la construcción y validación de un cuestionario que identifique el inicio y las formas más frecuentes de violencia escolar en los primeros años de escolarización para diseñar programas de prevención eficaces. Los participantes fueron 195 niños/as del último curso de educación infantil y primer ciclo de educación primaria. La investigación realizada ha mostrado que el instrumento denominado Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria (CEVEIP) presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento consta de 27 ítems en formato de autoinforme que evalúa siete tipologías de violencia que se dan en el contexto escolar en edades tempranas desde tres perspectivas: violencia observada, vivida y realizada. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el comportamiento violento está presente desde los primeros años de escolarización, siendo éste de baja o moderada frecuencia e intensidad. Estos niveles de violencia podrían ser aprovechados en el ámbito educativo para una gestión más positiva en el desarrollo personal del alumno/a (AU)

Traditional research on school violence has focused mainly on the later primary education grades and on secondary education, and has barely addressed the presence, characteristics, assessment, and intervention of interpersonal problems at early ages. The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that identifies the onset and the most frequent forms of school violence in the first years of schooling in order to design effective prevention programs. The study participants were 195 children from the last year of preschool and the first stage of primary education. The research carried out demonstrates that the instrument, the Questionnaire for the Assessment of School Violence in the Preschool and Primary School (Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria, CEVEIP), has adequate psychometric properties. The instrument includes 27 self-report items that assess seven typologies of violence that occur in the school setting at early ages from three perspectives: observed violence, experienced violence, and perpetrated violence. The results reveal that violent behaviour of a low or moderate frequency and intensity is present, beginning in the first years of schooling. These levels of violence could be better managed in the educational setting in order to enhance students´ personal development (AU)

Evaluación del bienestar espiritual en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Evaluation of spiritual well-being in haemodialysis patients

Introducción: Se define la espiritualidad como la búsqueda personal de propósito y significado en la vida, pudiendo incorporar o no la religión. En este artículo se presenta el desarrollo y la aplicación de una medida de bienestar espiritual a una muestra de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y métodos: El instrumento básico empleado se denomina Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida (Meaning in Life Scale , MiLS), con 21 ítems y cuatro escalas: Propósito, Falta de significado, Paz y Beneficios de la espiritualidad. También se proporciona una puntuación global de espiritualidad. Además, se registraron variables de tipo clínico (tiempo en hemodiálisis, índice de comorbilidad de Charlson) y sociodemográfico (edad, género), así como estimaciones del estado de salud, calidad de vida (general y actual), felicidad personal, el grado de religiosidad y la creencia en la existencia de vida ultraterrena. Se ha utilizado un diseño transversal con 94 pacientes en hemodiálisis. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la versión española de este instrumento (MiLS-Sp) es una medida de (..) (AU)

Introduction: Spirituality can be defined as a personal search for meaning and purpose in life that may or may not encompass religion. In this article we report on the development and testing of an instrument for measuring spiritual well-being within a sample of haemodialysis patients. Material and Method: The main instrument, a 21-item Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS), comprises four scales: Life Perspective, Purpose and Goals, Confusion and Lessened Meaning, Harmony and Peace, and Benefits of Spirituality. A total score for spiritual well-being is also produced. We also used the following variables: clinical (time on haemodialysis, modified Charlson comorbidity index), sociodemographic (age, gender), and self-assessments of health, quality of life (general and recent), personal happiness, religiosity, and belief in the (..) (AU)

Evaluation of spiritual well-being in haemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spirituality can be defined as a personal search for meaning and purpose in life that may or may not encompass religion. In this article we report on the development and testing of an instrument for measuring spiritual well-being within a sample of haemodialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The main instrument, a 21-item Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS), comprises four scales: Life Perspective, Purpose and Goals, Confusion and Lessened Meaning, Harmony and Peace, and Benefits of Spirituality. A total score for spiritual well-being is also produced. We also used the following variables: clinical (time on haemodialysis, modified Charlson comorbidity index), sociodemographic (age, gender), and self-assessments of health, quality of life (general and recent), personal happiness, religiosity, and belief in the afterlife. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 94 haemodialysis patients. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that the MiLS-Sp is a psychometrically sound measure of spiritual well-being for dialysis patients (reliability, validity) as they manage the complex demands of a chronic illness. Spiritual well-being was significantly associated with various quality of life variables, health status, personal happiness, or religiosity in patients on dialysis. There was no relationship between spirituality scores and comorbidity, HD duration, gender, or age. Spiritual well-being is relatively low in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: Spirituality may play an important role on psychological well-being, quality of life, and self-rated health for patients on haemodialysis. Spiritual well-being in these patients is relatively low. Results suggest that assessing and addressing spiritual well-being in dialysis patients may be helpful in clinical practice.

Inoculation of Pinus halepensis Mill. with selected ectomycorrhizal fungi improves seedling establishment 2 years after planting in a degraded gypsum soil.

Vegetative inoculum of Amanita ovoidea (Bull.) Link and three isolates of Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze, as well as spore inoculum of Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. M. Fr. and S. collinitus, were evaluated for the production of Pinus halepensis Mill. in nursery and for the establishment of seedlings in a degraded gypsum soil. In nursery, most of the fungi significantly improved the height of seedlings and modified the accumulation of nutrients in needles. The percentage of ectomycorrhizas (ESR) per seedling ranged from 25 to 78%, depending on the fungi. One and 2 years after planting in the field, the survival of seedlings was significantly improved by inoculation with two isolates of S. collinitus and with spores of the same fungus. Inoculation with A. ovoidea had no significant effect on seedling survival, whilst R. roseolus caused a significant mortality of seedlings. Seedling height was significantly improved by inoculation with all fungi except R. roseolus and isolate CCMA-1 of S. collinitus. One year after planting, mycorrhization of control seedlings was negligible, and percentages of ESR were under 38% for the rest of treatments. In spring of the second year, seedlings in all treatments, including the control, became highly mycorrhizal (60-77% of ESR). Low ectomycorrhizal diversity (five morphotypes described) and seasonal variation on morphotype composition were detected 2 years after plantation. From a perspective of soil restoration management under limiting environmental conditions, nursery inoculation with selected fungi can be a key advantage for tree seedlings to surmount the initial transplant stress, assuring their establishment in the field. Our results emphasise the importance of selecting compatible fungal-host species combinations for nursery inoculation and sources of inoculum adapted to the environmental conditions of the transplantation site.

Factores estructurales, bioquímicos y moleculares de la simbiosis Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus)-Lupinus / Structural, biochemical and molecular factors of the simbiosis Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus)-Lupinus

La presente revisión es un resumen de algunos trabajos originales realizados en nuestro Departamento para el estudio de diferentes aspectos de esta peculiar simbiosis, siempre integrando estructura y función. La primera parte está dedicada a un estudio estructural llevado a cabo con el fin de conocer los mecanismos de infección, que difieren de la mayoría de las leguminosas estudiadas. Para este fin se aplicaron técnicas de immunofluorescencia con la green fluorescent protein (GPT), técnicas de inmunocitoquímica y de hibridación in situ. Mediante estos estudios se ha observado que la infección se realiza por vía intercelular. Junto al estudio estructural se describen algunos componentes enzimáticos del nódulo, MAPKinasas (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) y aldehído oxidasa, presentes en estadios tempranos del reconocimiento bacteria-planta. Ambos enzimas están relacionados con la mitosis y la multiplicación de las células radicales. La segunda parte se refiere a los mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares que regulan la simbiosis, especialmente los relacionados con la regulación de oxígeno en el nódulo, de gran importancia para la fijación de N2, ya que la nitrogenasa necesita una atmósfera microaeróbica para fijar nitrógeno. Se describen algunos mecanismos de regulación, como la leghemoglobina y la barrera de resistencia a la difusión de O2. Por último también se incluye el estudio genético que realizamos para conocer los genes que regulan la difusión de O2 en el nódulo: lenod 2, leghemoglobin y nifH

The present revision summarises some of the original works carried out in our Department to study different aspects of the peculiar symbiosis Bradyrhyzobium sp. Lupinus, by integrating structure and function. The first part of the revision is focused to a structural study on the infection mechanisms, since differ of other legumes. This study was realized by applying immunofluorescent techniques with the green fluorescent protein, immunocytochemistry and different microscopies. It could be observed that the infection by the Bradyrhizobium follows the intercellular way. The infection study includes the presence of enzymatic components, as MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) and aldehyde oxidase in the first steps of the symbiosis. Both enzymes are very much related with auxins and cell multiplication. The second part takes up the physiological, biochemical and genetic mechanisms that regulates nitrogen fixation, speccially those related to oxygen diffusion, since nitrogenase activity is very sensible to oxygen and needs a microaerobic atmosphere for its function. Between these mechanisms, the leghemoglobine and the oxygendiffusion resistance barrier have been considered the more important in oxygen regulation. Finally it is included the results of a genetic study carried out to know the genes implicated in nodule oxygen diffusion as: lenod 2, leghemoglobin and nifH

Immunolocalization of alkaloids and X-ray microanalysis of elements in lupin seeds.

Immunolocalization of alkaloids in lupin seeds (Lupinus spp.) has been performed by cryofixation and conventional methods. Alkaloids were localized in the protein bodies of the cotyledon cells. Some immunogold particles in the walls of these cells were also observed. There were no differences in the sites of localization between the two mentioned methods. X-ray microanalysis of elements showed the presence of P, Mg, S, and K in the protein bodies of cotyledon cells in lupin seeds. The role of K+ in alkaloids transport is discussed.

Essentiality of Boron for Symbiotic Dinitrogen Fixation in Pea (Pisum sativum) Rhizobium Nodules.

The effect of boron deficiency on symbiotic nitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum) was examined. The absence of boron in the culture medium resulted in a decrease of the number of nodules and an alteration of nodule development leading to an inhibition of nitrogenase activity. Examination of boron-deficient nodules showed dramatic changes in cell walls and in both peribacteroid and infection thread membranes, suggesting a role for boron in the stability of these structures. These results indicate that boron is a requirement for normal nodule development and functionality.