Development and validation of a flow cytometry antibody test for Lawsonia intracellularis.

Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), an inflammatory bowel disease with a major economic impact on the pig industry. The serological diagnosis of PPE can be performed using Blocking or Indirect ELISA, Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) and Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT). Here, we designed a most sophisticated immunological method for the detection of porcine anti-L. intracellularis IgGs, named Flow Cytometry Antibody Test - FCAT. This assay uses whole, live-attenuated L. intracellularis bacteria derived from a commercial vaccine. For the assay, we set up the optimal antigen concentration (106 bacterium/assay), primary antibody dilution (1:100), time of incubation (20 min), antigen stability (15 days), precision (coefficient of variation - CV < 10%), reproducibility (CV ≤ 13%) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC). When using a cut-off of >15.15% for FCAT, we determined that it showed a sensitivity of 98.8% and specificity of 100%. The rate of agreement with IPMA was 84.09% with a kappa index of 0.66. FCAT was used to screen 1,000 sera from non-vaccinated pigs housed in 22 different farms and we found that 730 pigs (73%) from 16 farms (72.7%) had L. intracellularis IgG. This high prevalence confirms that L. intracellularis is endemic on Brazilian pig farms. Finally, we determined that FCAT is an easy to perform diagnostic assay and we would highly recommend it for: i) seroepidemiological studies; ii) evaluation of infection dynamics; and iii) characterization of the humoral response profile induced by vaccines.

Development and evaluation of a nested-PCR assay for Senecavirus A diagnosis.

Senecavirus A (SVA) has been associated with vesicular disease in weaned and adult pigs and with high mortality of newborn piglets. This study aimed to establish a nested-PCR assay for the routine diagnosis of SVA infection. Tissue samples (n = 177) were collected from 37 piglets of 18 pig farms located in four different Brazilian states. For the nested-PCR, a primer set was defined to amplify an internal VP1 fragment of 316 bp of SVA genome. Of the 37 piglets, 15 (40.5%) and 23 (62.2%) were positive for the SVA in the RT-PCR and nested-PCR assays, respectively. The SVA RNA was detected in 61/177 (34.5%) samples with the RT-PCR, while the nested-PCR assay showed 84/177 (47.5%) samples with the virus (p < 0.05). According to the herds, 11 (61.1%) and 16 (88.9%) of the 18 pig herds were positive for the SVA in the RT-PCR and nested-PCR assays, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing analysis revealed similarities of 98.7-100% among SVA Brazilian strains and of 86.6-98% with SVA strains from other countries. The nested-PCR assay in this study was suitable to recover the SVA RNA in biological specimens, piglets, and/or herds that were considered as negative in the RT-PCR assay, and is proposed for the routine investigation of the SVA infection in piglets, especially when other techniques are not available or when a great number of samples has to be examined.

A ten years (2007-2016) retrospective serological survey for Seneca Valley virus infection in major pig producing states of Brazil.

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is the etiological agent of vesicular disease in pigs, clinically indistinguishable of classical viral vesicular infections, including foot-and-mouth disease. The first outbreaks of SVV infection in Brazil were reported in 2014. However, it was not known whether the virus was circulating in Brazilian pig herds before this year. This study is a retrospective serological investigation of porcine health status to SVV in Brazil. Serum samples (n = 594) were grouped in before (2007-2013, n = 347) and after (2014-2016, n = 247) SVV outbreaks in Brazil. Twenty-three pig herds were analyzed, of which 19 and 4 were sampled before and after the beginning of SVV outbreaks, respectively. Two herds sampled after 2014 presented animals with SVV-associated clinical manifestations, while the other two housed asymptomatic pigs. Anti-SVV antibodies were evaluated by virus neutralization test. The results demonstrated that pig herds of different Brazilian geographical regions and distinct pig categories were negative to anti-SVV antibodies in sera obtained before 2014. Antibodies to SVV were detected only in serum samples obtained after 2014, particularly in herds with the presence of pigs with SVV-clinical signs. These results present robust serological evidence that the SVV was not present in the major Brazilian pig producing regions prior to 2014.

Frequency of group a rotavirus in piglet stool samples from non-vaccinated Brazilian pig herds

Neonatal diarrhea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in piglets, and it leads to significant economic losses for pig farmers worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of diagnosis, age group, and association of group A rotavirus (GARV) infection with diarrhea in piglets from pig herds in two (south and center-west)Brazilian geographical regions. The frequency of GARV diagnosis was evaluated between 2004 and 2007, using SS-PAGE on 681 fecal samples (428 diarrheic and 253 with normal consistency) from 1-4 week-old piglets. The animals were selected from 130 pig herds and 80 counties in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Mato Grosso, Brazil. None of the herds were vaccinated against porcine GARV. Rotaviruses with the typical GARV electrophoretic pattern was identified in 193 (28.3 percent) fecal samples, and of these, 157 (81.3 percent) were diarrheic (p=0.001).Porcine GARV infection was identified in animals from all age groups evaluated, and the highest infection rate (54.7 percent; p=0.001) occurred in diarrheic piglets between 21 and 28 days of age. Diarrheic feces from 1-7 day-old piglets also had a high rate of rotavirus presence (32.3 percent), suggesting a failure in passive immunity. The high rate of porcine GARV infection in all geographical regions studied demonstrates the involvement of rotavirus in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in Brazilian pig herds. This study highlights the importance of GARV infection for pig raising and the need of control and prophylactic measures for porcine rotavirus infection, including vaccination in the main areas of pork production in Brazil.

A diarréia neonatal é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em leitões, ocasionando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos à suinocultura em todo o mundo. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de diagnóstico, distribuição etária e a associação com diarreia da infecção por rotavírus grupo A (GARV) em leitões de granjas situadas em duas (sul e centro-oeste) regiões geográficas brasileiras. A frequência de diagnóstico do GARV foi avaliada no período de 2004 a 2007, pela técnica de SS-PAGE, em 681 amostras fecais (428 diarréicas e 253 com consistência normal) de leitões de 1 a 4 semanas de idade. Os animais eram provenientes de 130 granjas, localizadas em 80 municípios dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso. Nenhum dos rebanhos realizava vacinação contra o GARV suíno. Rotavírus suíno com perfil eletroforético característico do grupo A foi detectado em 193 (28,3 por cento) amostras, das quais 157 (81,3 por cento) diarreicas (p=0,001). A infecção foi identificada em animais de todas as faixas etárias avaliadas e a maior frequência (54,7 por cento; p=0,001) de diagnóstico ocorreu em leitões diarréicos com 21 a 28 dias de idade. A alta taxa (32,3 por cento) de diagnóstico do rotavírus em fezes diarreicas de leitões com 1 a 7 dias de vida sugere a necessidade da adoção de condutas que objetivem o incremento da imunidade passiva. A frequência de diagnóstico e a ampla distribuição das infecções pelo GARV, nos rebanhos das regiões geográficas avaliadas nesse estudo, ratificam a importância da rotavirose na etiologia dos episódios de diarreia de leitões no Brasil. Este resultado destaca também a importância do controle e medidas profiláticas na infecção por rotavírus suíno, incluindo a vacinação nas principais áreas de produção suína no Brasil.