Flow invariants in a channel obstructed by a line of inclined rods.

An experiment is conducted in a rectangular channel obstructed by a transverse line of four inclined cylindrical rods. The pressure on the surface of a central rod and the pressure drop through the channel are measured varying the inclination angle of the rods. Three assemblies of rods with different diameters are tested. The measurements were analyzed applying momentum conservation principles and semi-empirical considerations. Several invariant dimensionless groups of parameters relating the pressure at key locations of the system with characteristic dimensions of the rods are produced. It was found that the independence principle holds for most of the Euler numbers characterizing the pressure at different locations, that is, the group is independent of the inclination angle provided that the inlet velocity projection normal to the rods is used to non-dimensionalize the pressure. The resulting semi-empirical correlations can be useful for designing similar hydraulic units.

A glimpse at ethology in latin america

The state of the art of Ethology in five Latin America countries is briefly presented here. The overall outlook regarding research laboratories and themes is promising: the community is numerous, active and there are topics addressing all aspects of animal behavior, especially in large countries like Brazil and Argentina. Ethology as an undergraduate discipline is generally a sub-category of Biology, being taught mainly at Zoology/ Psychology/ Ecology/ Agriculture Courses and at Medical Veterinary Schools, often as an eligible discipline. Ethology as a formal major Graduate Program is rare and mainly restricted to Brazil. Regular Ethology meetings are held in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In Chile and Venezuela there is a small but very active community. Studies of animal behavior are often carried out in other areas than Biology, and there is a clear overlap of interest regarding the major topics of Ethology. Behavioral ecology, conservation, management and animal welfare are a priority in most countries, probably reflecting a general concern regarding endangered species and habitats of the continent. Here we present information aiming to create a network that will increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America. The IV Simpósio de Etologia na América Latina, entitled "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿ hacia un futuro regional ?" was held in November, 2013, as part of the XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The state of art of Animal Behavior in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela were presented there and a set of six questions guided the presentations: 1).

Presentamos brevemente el estado de la Etología en cinco países de América Latina. En general, con respecto a la investigación en laboratorios y temas de estudio la situación es prometedora: la comunidad es numerosa, activa, y los temas abarcan todos los aspectos del comportamiento animal, especialmente en países grandes como Brasil y Argentina. La Etología como disciplina de grado, por lo general es una subcategoría de la Biología, siendo impartida principalmente en cursos de Zoología /Psicología/ Ecología/Agricultura, y en las facultades de Medicina Veterinaria frecuentemente como disciplina opcional. No es frecuente que la Etología sea un programa formal de Posgrado, lo cual está principalmente restringido a Brasil. Se realizan encuentros regulares de Etología en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay. En Chile y Venezuela se encuentran comunidades pequeñas pero muy activas, ligadas a la Etología. Los estudios de comportamiento animal se realizan frecuentemente en áreas distintas de la Biología, y hay una clara superposición de intereses respecto a los principales tópicos de la Etología. La ecología comportamental, la conservación, el manejo y el bienestar animal son prioridades en muchos países, lo que probablemente refleja una preocupación general respecto a las especies y hábitats amenazados en el continente. Aquí presentamos un informe preliminar orientado a crear una red que aumente la colaboración entre los investigadores que trabajan en el marco de la Etología en América Latina. El IV Simposio de Etología de América Latina, titulado "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿hacia un futuro regional?" se realizó en Noviembre de 2013, como parte del XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), en São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Invitados de cinco países -Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Uruguay y Venezuela- presentaron información sobre el estado del arte del comportamiento animal en sus naciones y las presentaciones fueron guiadas por un cuestionario de seis preguntas: 1) .

A glimpse at Ethology in Latin America

The state of the art of Ethology in five Latin America countries is briefly presented here. The overall outlook regarding research laboratories and themes is promising: the community is numerous, active and there are topics addressing all aspects of animal behavior, especially in large countries like Brazil and Argentina. Ethology as an undergraduate discipline is generally a sub-category of Biology, being taught mainly at Zoology/ Psychology/ Ecology/ Agriculture Courses and at Medical Veterinary Schools, often as an eligible discipline. Ethology as a formal major Graduate Program is rare and mainly restricted to Brazil. Regular Ethology meetings are held in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. In Chile and Venezuela there is a small but very active community. Studies of animal behavior are often carried out in other areas than Biology, and there is a clear overlap of interest regarding the major topics of Ethology. Behavioral ecology, conservation, management and animal welfare are a priority in most countries, probably reflecting a general concern regarding endangered species and habitats of the continent. Here we present information aiming to create a network that will increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America. The IV Simpósio de Etologia na América Latina, entitled "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿ hacia un futuro regional ?" was held in November, 2013, as part of the XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The state of art of Animal Behavior in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela were presented there and a set of six questions guided the presentations: 1) What are the main Ethology topics being studied in laboratories in your country? - 2) Are there undergraduate or graduate programs in the main universities? - 3) Is there an Animal Behavior Society? How interested is the community in establishing close ties among institutes or laboratories elsewhere in Latin America? - 4) Is there a site, a journal, a page on a social networking site for contact, communication and divulgation of original data? - 5) How active is the community regarding the wiliness to organize congresses, symposia, meetings, workshops, on-line courses regarding Ethology? - 6) Are there funding agencies to support exchange programs and research in Ethology? Additional data were collected from the last two EAE regarding researchers from Latin America that attended EAE meetings and a list of names and laboratories was compiled (see appendix). It should be emphasized that the compilation of information presented here is far from complete. It represents a brief overview of the current status of Ethology in only five Latin American countries, and therefore it should be updated continuously with new data from the countries treated here as well as supplemented with data from other countries. Such a constantly updated list would facilitate the creation of networks that should increase collaborations among researchers working within the ethological framework in Latin America.(AU)

Presentamos brevemente el estado de la Etología en cinco países de América Latina. En general, con respecto a la investigación en laboratorios y temas de estudio la situación es prometedora: la comunidad es numerosa, activa, y los temas abarcan todos los aspectos del comportamiento animal, especialmente en países grandes como Brasil y Argentina. La Etología como disciplina de grado, por lo general es una subcategoría de la Biología, siendo impartida principalmente en cursos de Zoología /Psicología/ Ecología/Agricultura, y en las facultades de Medicina Veterinaria frecuentemente como disciplina opcional. No es frecuente que la Etología sea un programa formal de Posgrado, lo cual está principalmente restringido a Brasil. Se realizan encuentros regulares de Etología en Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay. En Chile y Venezuela se encuentran comunidades pequeñas pero muy activas, ligadas a la Etología. Los estudios de comportamiento animal se realizan frecuentemente en áreas distintas de la Biología, y hay una clara superposición de intereses respecto a los principales tópicos de la Etología. La ecología comportamental, la conservación, el manejo y el bienestar animal son prioridades en muchos países, lo que probablemente refleja una preocupación general respecto a las especies y hábitats amenazados en el continente. Aquí presentamos un informe preliminar orientado a crear una red que aumente la colaboración entre los investigadores que trabajan en el marco de la Etología en América Latina. El IV Simposio de Etología de América Latina, titulado "Desarrollo de la Etología en Latinoamérica:¿hacia un futuro regional?" se realizó en Noviembre de 2013, como parte del XXXI Encontro Anual de Etologia (EAE), en São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Invitados de cinco países -Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Uruguay y Venezuela- presentaron información sobre el estado del arte del comportamiento animal en sus naciones y las presentaciones fueron guiadas por un cuestionario de seis preguntas: 1) ¿Cuáles son los principales temas de estudio y laboratorios de Etología en su país? - 2) ¿Hay programas de grado o posgrado en las principales universidades? - 3) ¿Hay una sociedad de Comportamiento Animal? ¿Qué tan interesada está la comunidad en establecer vínculos estrechos entre institutos o laboratorios en otros lugares de América Latina? - 4) ¿Hay un sitio de internet, una revista o un en una red social para contacto, comunicación y divulgación de datos originales? - 5) ¿Qué tan activa es la comunidad respecto a la organización de congresos, simposios, encuentros, talleres y cursos on-line referidos a Etología? - 6) ¿Hay agencias de financiamiento para sostener programas de intercambio e investigación en Etología? Adicionalmente se recolectaron datos de los últimos dos EAE concerniente a los investigadores en América Latina que asistieron a los mismos y se compiló una lista de nombres y laboratorios.(AU)

Training load, immune system, upper respiratory symptoms and performance in well-trained cyclists throughout a competitive season.

This study aimed to evaluate the leukocyte subset counts, serum immunoglobulin A, performance and upper respiratory symptoms (URS), as well as their interrelationships, of well-trained cyclists for a 29-week training season using monitored loads. The season was divided into three phases: preparatory (nine weeks), first competitive phase (nine weeks) and second competitive phase (11 weeks). The sample consisted of eight well-trained cyclists, aged 18 ± 2 years. Immunological parameters and performance were evaluated during weeks 1 (baseline), 10 (early first competitive phase), 19 (early second competitive phase) and 29 (end of the second competitive phase). The training loads (volume x rating of perceived exertion) were monitored daily while the monitoring of URS was performed every 15 days using the WURSS-44 questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and a Pearson correlation test with the significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. No significant differences were found for training load, leukocyte subset counts or serum immunoglobulin A among the three phases. However, serum immunoglobulin A was 50.9% below the control group values. URS were significantly higher during the preparatory period, and there were significant correlations between URS and training load (strain) in the preparatory period (r = 0.72, p = 0.032) and second competitive phase (r = 0.73, p = 0.036). In conclusion, indicators of training load without a significant change throughout the season did not significantly affect immune parameters measured; however, the increase of strain can cause an increase of upper respiratory symptoms throughout the season, but without loss of performance.

Evaluación de la producción de carne de ganado criollo patagónico / Evaluation of Criollo Patagónico (Native Patagonian breed) cattle meat production

Objetivo. Evaluar la producción de carne del ganado Criollo Patagónico respecto al Angus y cruzas entre ambas razas. Materiales y métodos. Se dispuso de una muestra de 42 animales de los genotipos Criollo Patagónico, Angus y cruza entre ambos, clasificados en novillitos o vaquillonas, terminados en feed lot durante un período de 114 y 156 días, a partir de los cuales se conformaron ocho grupos de análisis desbalanceados. Para la parte exploratoria se empleó análisis factorial. Se usaron modelos lineales mixtos para contemplar las correlaciones entre las mediciones sobre un mismo animal. Resultados. Se pudo constatar diferencias entre las medias de los pesos a faena de los dos períodos de engorde y que esta ganancia de peso se depositó en los cortes de menor valor comercial. Con relación al rendimiento de los cortes de alto valor económico, se detectó interacción entre éstos y los grupos, identificándose diferencias entre grupos para algunos de los cortes. Conclusiones. En virtud de los resultados obtenidos, se considera promisoria la producción de carne del ganado Criollo Patagónico con relación al rendimiento de los cortes de alto valor económico, pues sus rendimientos medios sólo se vieron superados en bife ancho por su cruza con Angus.

Objective. Evaluate the production of meat from the Criollo Patagónico cattle with resect to Angus and the cross breading between these two breeds. Materials and methods. A sample of 42 animals of the following cattle genotypes was used: Criollo Patagónico, Angus and the cross breed between these two breeds, classified in steers or heifers, finished in feedlot for a period of 114 and 156 days, after which eight groups of unbalanced analysis were formed. A factorial analysis was used during the exploratory stage. Linear mixed models were used to see the correlations between measurements on the same animal. Results. The findings suggest differences between the means of slaughter weights of the two fattening periods as well a the fact that this weight gain was deposited in the cuts of less commercial value. Regarding the productivity of cuts of high economic value, interaction was detected between them and the groups, allowing for an identification of differences amongst the groups in the case of some of the cuts. Conclusions. In virtue of the obtained results, the production of Criollo Patagónico cattle meat is considered promising in relation to the productivity of the high economic value cuts, as their average yields were only surpassed in "bife ancho" in its cross with Angus.

Detection of the tumour suppressor gene TP53 and expression of p53, Bcl-2 and p63 proteins in canine transmissible venereal tumour.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a neoplasm transmitted among healthy dogs by direct contact with injured skin and/or mucous tissue. This study aimed to identify the TP53 gene, messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and p63 proteins in histological sections of 13 CTVT samples at different stages of evolution. The in situ hybridization (ISH) and in situ reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used, which showed the DNA homologous to TP53 and its respective mRNA in 92.3% of the samples. We detected p53, p63 and Bcl-2 proteins in most of the cell samples in different grades of intensity. In addition, 46% of the samples were in the progressive and 54% in the regression phase. This is the first description of these proteins and a detailed study of their role in CTVT cells needs to be addressed in or to verify how these cells undergo apoptosis.

Malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in young calves (Bos indicus): a case report

Infection of susceptible ruminants, including domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and American bison (Bison bison), with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) may provoke the fatal vasculitis and lymphoproliferative syndrome, known as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), reported worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical case of MCF-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) infection in young calves (Bos indicus) including central nervous symptoms that occurred in Três Lagoas city, Mato Grosso do Sul state, a border town near São Paulo state, Brazil. The diagnosis was based on typical histological lesions characterized by systemic lymphohistiocytic and fibrinoid vasculitis, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of detected OvHV-2 sequences. This finding indicates that MCF disease is spread among herds concentrated in border areas between Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo states.

Malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in young calves (Bos indicus): a case report

Infection of susceptible ruminants, including domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and American bison (Bison bison), with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) may provoke the fatal vasculitis and lymphoproliferative syndrome, known as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), reported worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a clinical case of MCF-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) infection in young calves (Bos indicus) including central nervous symptoms that occurred in Três Lagoas city, Mato Grosso do Sul state, a border town near São Paulo state, Brazil. The diagnosis was based on typical histological lesions characterized by systemic lymphohistiocytic and fibrinoid vasculitis, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of detected OvHV-2 sequences. This finding indicates that MCF disease is spread among herds concentrated in border areas between Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo states.(AU)

Epidemiological aspects of astrovirus and coronavirus in poults in the South Eastern Region of Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos associados à prevalência de Astrovirus e Coronavirus em lotes de perus da Região Sudeste do Brasil

A survey of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus (TAstV-2) prevalence was carried out from February to December during 2006 year in semiarid region of Brazil, from a turkey producer area, localized in South Eastern of Brazil. To asses the risk factor related to clinical material, climatic condition and type of RT-PCR applied, cloacal swabs (CS), faeces, sera, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus (TH) and spleen (SP) and ileum-caeca region were collected from 30-day-old poults suffering of enteritis episode characterized as poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). The PEMS clinical features were characterized by watery to foamy faeces, light brown-yellow in colour and low mortality rate. Meteorological data (rainfall and relative humidity) observed during along the study presented monthly average temperature ranging from 39.3 and 31.2ºC, precipitation in rainy season from 40 to 270.3 mm/month, and no rain during dry season. Simplex RT-PCR gave odds ratio (OR) values suggesting that ileum-caeca region is at higher chance (OR=1.9; p=0.9741) to have both viral RNA than faeces (OR=1.5; p=0.7319). However, multiplex RT-PCR showed 3.98 (p=0.89982) more chance to give positive results in faeces than CS at dry season. The major risk factors seem to be low rate of humidity and high temperatures at winter, probably responsible for spread, easily, the TCoV and TAstv-2 among the flocks. The positive results of both virus suggested that they can play an important role in enteric disorders, associated to low humidity and high temperatures frequently found in tropical countries.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a prevalência do Coronavirus dos perus (TCoV) e Astrovirus tipo 2 (TAstV-2) entre os meses de Fevereiro a Dezembro de 2006, em uma região produtora localizada no semi-árido a Sudeste do Brasil. Os principais fatores de risco associado a prevalência foram material clínico analisado, condições climáticas e tipo de técnica molecular empregada. Os sinais clínicos foram caracterizados como intenso fluido intestinal e baixo crescimento em aves jovens, sendo o material coletado swabs cloacais, fezes, soros, bursa de Fabrícius, segmentos do intestino delgado, timo e baço. Os dados meteorológicos (índice pluviométrico e umidade relativa) desta região, durante o período de estudo, foram de temperatura média mensal variando de 39.3 a 31.2ºC, precipitação na época chuvosa variando de 40 a 270.3mm/mês e ausência de chuva na estação fria e seca. A técnica de simplex RT-PCR resultou em valores de odds ratio (OR) que sugerem que a região do intestino delgado (junção íleo-cecal) possui alta chance (1.9 vezes) de gerar resultados positivos na amplificação de RNA viral que as fezes (1.5 vezes) analisadas. A técnica de multiplex RT-PCR demonstrou ser 3.98 vezes mais eficiente em promover resultados positivos nas fezes que nos swabs cloacais, durante a época de inverno. Os maiores fatores de risco encontrados foram baixa umidade relativa associada a altas temperaturas, durante a estação seca, o que pode permitir uma maior disseminação aérea do ambos os vírus entre os lotes estudados. A alta prevalência detectada para dois vírus sugerem que, no Brasil, estes representam os maiores responsáveis pelos surtos de enterite viral nas regiões semi-áridas, associado a baixas umidades e altas temperaturas típicas de países tropicais.

Epidemiological aspects of astrovirus and coronavirus in poults in the South Eastern Region of Brazil.

A survey of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus (TAstV-2) prevalence was carried out from February to December during 2006 year in semiarid region of Brazil, from a turkey producer area, localized in South Eastern of Brazil. To asses the risk factor related to clinical material, climatic condition and type of RT-PCR applied, cloacal swabs (CS), faeces, sera, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus (TH) and spleen (SP) and ileum-caeca region were collected from 30-day-old poults suffering of enteritis episode characterized as poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). The PEMS clinical features were characterized by watery to foamy faeces, light brown-yellow in colour and low mortality rate. Meteorological data (rainfall and relative humidity) observed during along the study presented monthly average temperature ranging from 39.3 and 31.2ºC, precipitation in rainy season from 40 to 270.3 mm/month, and no rain during dry season. Simplex RT-PCR gave odds ratio (OR) values suggesting that ileum-caeca region is at higher chance (OR=1.9; p=0.9741) to have both viral RNA than faeces (OR=1.5; p=0.7319). However, multiplex RT-PCR showed 3.98 (p=0.89982) more chance to give positive results in faeces than CS at dry season. The major risk factors seem to be low rate of humidity and high temperatures at winter, probably responsible for spread, easily, the TCoV and TAstv-2 among the flocks. The positive results of both virus suggested that they can play an important role in enteric disorders, associated to low humidity and high temperatures frequently found in tropical countries.

Brain and lung cryptococcoma and concurrent corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a goat: a case report

A four-year-old male goat with a history of neurological disorder was euthanized. It presented uncommon nodules in the brain and lungs associated with multiple abscesses, predominantly in the spleen and liver. Histological examination of brain and lung sections revealed yeast forms confirmed to be Cryptococcus gattii after a combination of isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures. Moreover, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed by PCR of samples from the lung, spleen and liver. The present report highlights the rare concurrent infection of C. gatti and C. pseudotuberculosis in an adult goat from São Paulo state, Brazil, and indicates the necessity of surveillance in the treatment of goats with atypical pulmonary infections associated with neurological disorders.(AU)

Epidemiological aspects of astrovirus and coronavirus in poults in the South Eastern Region of Brazil

A survey of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus (TAstV-2) prevalence was carried out from February to December during 2006 year in semiarid region of Brazil, from a turkey producer area, localized in South Eastern of Brazil. To asses the risk factor related to clinical material, climatic condition and type of RT-PCR applied, cloacal swabs (CS), faeces, sera, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus (TH) and spleen (SP) and ileum-caeca region were collected from 30-day-old poults suffering of enteritis episode characterized as poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). The PEMS clinical features were characterized by watery to foamy faeces, light brown-yellow in colour and low mortality rate. Meteorological data (rainfall and relative humidity) observed during along the study presented monthly average temperature ranging from 39.3 and 31.2ºC, precipitation in rainy season from 40 to 270.3 mm/month, and no rain during dry season. Simplex RT-PCR gave odds ratio (OR) values suggesting that ileum-caeca region is at higher chance (OR=1.9; p=0.9741) to have both viral RNA than faeces (OR=1.5; p=0.7319). However, multiplex RT-PCR showed 3.98 (p=0.89982) more chance to give positive results in faeces than CS at dry season. The major risk factors seem to be low rate of humidity and high temperatures at winter, probably responsible for spread, easily, the TCoV and TAstv-2 among the flocks. The positive results of both virus suggested that they can play an important role in enteric disorders, associated to low humidity and high temperatures frequently found in tropical countries.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a prevalência do Coronavirus dos perus (TCoV) e Astrovirus tipo 2 (TAstV-2) entre os meses de Fevereiro a Dezembro de 2006, em uma região produtora localizada no semi-árido a Sudeste do Brasil. Os principais fatores de risco associado a prevalência foram material clínico analisado, condições climáticas e tipo de técnica molecular empregada. Os sinais clínicos foram caracterizados como intenso fluido intestinal e baixo crescimento em aves jovens, sendo o material coletado swabs cloacais, fezes, soros, bursa de Fabrícius, segmentos do intestino delgado, timo e baço. Os dados meteorológicos (índice pluviométrico e umidade relativa) desta região, durante o período de estudo, foram de temperatura média mensal variando de 39.3 a 31.2ºC, precipitação na época chuvosa variando de 40 a 270.3mm/mês e ausência de chuva na estação fria e seca. A técnica de simplex RT-PCR resultou em valores de odds ratio (OR) que sugerem que a região do intestino delgado (junção íleo-cecal) possui alta chance (1.9 vezes) de gerar resultados positivos na amplificação de RNA viral que as fezes (1.5 vezes) analisadas. A técnica de multiplex RT-PCR demonstrou ser 3.98 vezes mais eficiente em promover resultados positivos nas fezes que nos swabs cloacais, durante a época de inverno. Os maiores fatores de risco encontrados foram baixa umidade relativa associada a altas temperaturas, durante a estação seca, o que pode permitir uma maior disseminação aérea do ambos os vírus entre os lotes estudados. A alta prevalência detectada para dois vírus sugerem que, no Brasil, estes representam os maiores responsáveis pelos surtos de enterite viral nas regiões semi-áridas, associado a baixas umidades e altas temperaturas típicas de países tropicais.

Detection of bovine Herpesvirus type 5 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine brain by PCR: a useful adjunct to conventional tissue-based diagnostic test of bovine encephalitis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of PCR technique for the detection of BoHV-5 in routinely formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues in 20 naturally infected calves affected by fatal meningoencephalitis. Brains were divided into two halves, one kept fresh for virus isolation and PCR assay, targeting the glycoprotein C gene from BoHV-5 genome. The other half brain, corresponding to posterior cortex region, was submitted to formalin fixation and embedded into paraffin blocks for microscopic evaluation and total DNA isolation. Most of the slides showed severe multifocal non-supurative encephalitis with neuronal degeneration, neurophagia, and no acidophilic intranuclear inclusions could be found in neurons and glial. The 20 fresh samples were confirmed, by virus isolation and PCR assay, as having the BoHV-5 virus and, respective glicoprotein C sequence, while 15 of 20 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were considered positive for the same analysis. The results revealed the first description of PCR efficiency, applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain collected from naturally infected calves, improving the detection of BoHV-5 from archival samples in South America.

Sobre el Etograma, 2: aspectos metodológicos de la naturaleza semiótica del etograma / About the ethogram, 2: methodological aspects of the semiotic nature of ethograms

La naturaleza semiótica del etograma permite pasar de su elaboración en lenguaje descriptivo a su reformulación en lenguaje científico, particularmente, transformándolo en un código. Presentamos aquí una forma de análisis de descripciones codificadas a través de un método similar a los de la estadística numérica, el eje promedio, que permite organizar las descripciones por similitud, comparando inventarios parciales realizados desde distintas segmentaciones. El use de códigos de este tipo posibilita además la depuración de las descripciones(AU)

The semiotic nature of an ethogram constitute a basis to proceed from its expression in descriptive language to its reformulation in scientific terms, in particular, by transforming it in a code. We here present a way to analyze coded descriptions through the use of a method related to the methods of numerical statistics, the mean axis, by which descriptions may be organized through similarity, by comparing partial inventories obtained from different viewpoints. Depurated descriptions may be obtained through the use of such codes(AU)

Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers: presentación de un caso / Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: report of a case

Se presenta el caso de una niña de 12 años de edad, que a los 7, 10 y 12 años tuvo internaciones por complicaciones derivadas de una poliposis múltipes, tales como invaginación con aparición de pólipos por el ano, y anemia aguda

Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers: presentación de un caso / Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: report of a case

Se presenta el caso de una niña de 12 años de edad, que a los 7, 10 y 12 años tuvo internaciones por complicaciones derivadas de una poliposis múltipes, tales como invaginación con aparición de pólipos por el ano, y anemia aguda (AU)

[Medico-psychological interconsultation and the physician-patient relation]. / Interconsulta médico-psicológica y relación médico-paciente.

Clinicians and psychoanalysts have been working together sharing responsibilities for the clinical care of patients with somatic illness. This has opened a new field for interdisciplinary action, the so-called Medical Psychological consultation (MPC). The MPC is the application of psychoanalytic understanding to this new field. In the present paper, the medical setting and the analytic setting are defined and clearly distinguished. The most significant goal in MPC is to assist or help in the assistance or care of the patients. To attain a good standard of clinical care means to provide a highly personalized help to a patient based on an adequate discrimination of his physical and emotional needs. The MPC is a new scientific development that works on that direction.

Interconsulta medico-psicologica y relacion medico-paciente. / Medicopsychological interconsultation and the physician-patient relation

El trabajo conjunto de medicos y psicoanalistas compartiendo la responsabilidad del cuidado clinico de pacientes con trastornos corporales, ha abierto un espacio de participacion interdisciplinaria: el de la interconsulta medico - psicologica (ICMP). La ICMP surge de la aplicacion de la comprension psicoanalitica a este nuevo campo de accion. Las diferencias entre encuadre psicoanalitico y encuadre medico son especialmente senaladas. La meta mas significativa de la ICMP es asistir en la asistencia, entendiendo por asistencia el cuidado especializado de un paciente,aquel que permite discriminar claramente sus necesidades, hacerse cargo de las mismas y contenerlas dentro del marco de la relacion medico-paciente en que se desarrolla la enfermedad corporal