Acute sublethal exposure to ethiprole impairs physiological and oxidative status in the Neotropical fish Astyanax altiparanae.

Ethiprole, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, has been increasingly used in the Neotropical region to control stink bug pests in soybean and maize fields. However, such abrupt increases in use may have unintended effects on non-target organisms, including those inhabiting freshwater ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the effects of acute (96 h) sublethal exposure to ethiprole (up to 180 µg/L, which is equivalent to 0.013% of the recommended field dose) on biomarkers of stress in the gills, liver, and muscle of the Neotropical fish Astyanax altiparanae. We further recorded potential ethiprole-induced effects on the structural histology of A. altiparanae gills and liver. Our results showed that ethiprole exposure increased glucose and cortisol levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Ethiprole-exposed fish also exhibited higher levels of malondialdehyde and greater activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione-S-transferase and catalase, in both gills and liver. Furthermore, ethiprole exposure led to increased catalase activity and carbonylated protein levels in muscle. Morphometric and pathological analyses of the gills revealed that increasing ethiprole concentration resulted in hyperemia and loss of integrity of the secondary lamellae. Similarly, histopathological analysis of the liver demonstrated higher prevalence of necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates with increasing ethiprole concentration. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that sublethal exposure to ethiprole can trigger a stress response in non-target fish species, which may lead to potential ecological and economic imbalances in Neotropical freshwater systems.

Lazer, política e sociedade: as contribuições da SEJEL para os feirantes do Ver-o-Peso / Leisure, politics and society: the contributions of the fairground SEJEL for O-Ver-Weight

O presente estudo objetiva analisar as contribuições políticas das práticas sociais do lazer promovidas pela Secretaria Municipal de Esporte, Juventude e Lazer (SEJEL) para os feirantes do Ver-o-Peso (2018 a 2019) privilegiando o lazer no cotidiano dos feirantes enquanto direito social. Questões norteadoras: Existe alguma contribuição política pela SEJEL que garanta o Lazer enquanto direito Social em prol dos feirantes do Ver-o-Peso. Se existe? Como existe? Problema ­Como contribuir para as políticas da SEJEL que garanta o Lazer enquanto direito social, em prol dos feirantes do Ver-o-Peso? Metodologia: pesquisa documental qualitativa, enfoque materialismo dialético, método dialético, coleta de dados: jornal, vídeo, blog da SEJEL, leis, projeto de lazer da prefeitura para os feirantes. Resultado: as políticas da SEJEL estão enquadradas com um significado recreativo, havendo necessidade da efetivação de políticas públicas de lazer consolidadas com os feirantes para a compreensão enquanto direito social, e, também por parte dos governantes quando o mesmo está sendo vivido e entendido pelas vias do senso comum somente como descanso, entretenimento e mercadoria. A promoção social do lazer pode estar atrelada a um serviço muitas vezes de forma limitada e alienante de convívio social.

Objective: to analyze the contributions of the social practices of leisure promoted by the municipal Sport, Youth andSport (SEJEL) to the vendors of the Ver-o-Peso (2018 to 2019) for the quality and style of life of them, as well as for that leisure becomes privileged in everyday merchants and practice as a social right of citizenship under the foundations of public policies of leisure. Methodology: qualitative desk research, focus dialectical materialism, dialectical method, data collection, newspaper, video, blog SEJEL, laws, leisure project of city hall to the fairground. Result: The public policies of social practices of leisure SEJEL (2008 to 2012) is framed with a recreational significance, requiring the execution of public policy leisure consolidated with the vendors to understand as a social right, and also by the rulers when it is lived and understood by way of common sense only as entertainment and merchandise. The social promotion of leisure can be linked to a service often quite limited and alienating.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid feeding periods on fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Astyanax altiparanae / Efeito do tempo de alimentação com ácido linoleico conjugado no perfil de ácidos graxos e qualidade nutricional de Astyanax altiparanae

The effects of feeding diets with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to Astyanax altiparanae for different periods were investigated on carcasses’ fatty acid profile and nutritional quality. The trial was laid out in a complete randomized design with eight feeding periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days) and four replicates. A total of 240 fish (3.4 ± 0.3 g) were distributed into four aquariums and fed with the diet containing 32% crude protein, 15 MJ kg-1 gross energy, and 2.5% of CLA. Feeding CLA diet for 49 days resulted in the higher deposition of CLA, CLA isomers, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The isomer c9,t11 was highly deposited than the t10,c12. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3, and n-6 increased with feeding period, whereas saturated (SFA), monounsaturated, and medium-chain fatty acids decreased. PUFA/SFA ratio, DHA/EPA, EPA+DHA, and thrombogenicity index increased linearly. Whereas atherogenicity index reduced, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio increased in quadratic effects over feeding time. No difference was observed for the n-6/n-3 ratio. Feeding A. altiparanae with 2.5% of CLA for a minimum of 35 days improves the fatty acid profile and provides a commercial product with good nutritional quality and functional benefits.

Os efeitos da alimentação com dietas contendo ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) por diferentes períodos foram investigados no perfil de ácidos graxos e na qualidade nutricional das carcaças de Astyanax altiparanae. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente causalizado com oito períodos de alimentação (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e quatro repetições. Um total de 240 peixes (3,4 ± 0,3 g) foram distribuídos em quatro aquários e alimentados com dieta contendo 32% de proteína bruta, 15 MJ kg-1 de energia bruta e 2.5% de CLA. A alimentação com CLA por 49 dias resultou em maior deposição de CLA, isômeros e ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). O isômero c9,t11 foi mais depositado do que o t10,c12. Os ácidos graxos n-3 e n-6 aumentaram com o período de alimentação, enquanto os ácidos graxos saturados (SFA), monoinsaturados e de cadeia média diminuíram. A razão PUFA/SFA, DHA/EPA, EPA + DHA e índice de trombogenicidade aumentaram linearmente. Enquanto o índice de aterogenicidade reduziu, a razão hipocolesterolêmica/hipercolesterolêmica aumentou em efeito quadrático com o aumento do tempo de alimentação com CLA. Nenhuma diferença foi observada para a razão n-6/n-3. Assim, a alimentação de A. altiparanae com 2.5% de CLA por um mínimo de 35 dias melhora o perfil de ácidos graxos e fornece um produto comercial com boa qualidade nutricional e benefícios funcionais.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid feeding periods on fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Astyanax altiparanae / Efeito do tempo de alimentação com ácido linoleico conjugado no perfil de ácidos graxos e qualidade nutricional de Astyanax altiparanae

The effects of feeding diets with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to Astyanax altiparanae for different periods were investigated on carcasses fatty acid profile and nutritional quality. The trial was laid out in a complete randomized design with eight feeding periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days) and four replicates. A total of 240 fish (3.4 ± 0.3 g) were distributed into four aquariums and fed with the diet containing 32% crude protein, 15 MJ kg-1 gross energy, and 2.5% of CLA. Feeding CLA diet for 49 days resulted in the higher deposition of CLA, CLA isomers, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The isomer c9,t11 was highly deposited than the t10,c12. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3, and n-6 increased with feeding period, whereas saturated (SFA), monounsaturated, and medium-chain fatty acids decreased. PUFA/SFA ratio, DHA/EPA, EPA+DHA, and thrombogenicity index increased linearly. Whereas atherogenicity index reduced, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio increased in quadratic effects over feeding time. No difference was observed for the n-6/n-3 ratio. Feeding A. altiparanae with 2.5% of CLA for a minimum of 35 days improves the fatty acid profile and provides a commercial product with good nutritional quality and functional benefits.(AU)

Os efeitos da alimentação com dietas contendo ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) por diferentes períodos foram investigados no perfil de ácidos graxos e na qualidade nutricional das carcaças de Astyanax altiparanae. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente causalizado com oito períodos de alimentação (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e quatro repetições. Um total de 240 peixes (3,4 ± 0,3 g) foram distribuídos em quatro aquários e alimentados com dieta contendo 32% de proteína bruta, 15 MJ kg-1 de energia bruta e 2.5% de CLA. A alimentação com CLA por 49 dias resultou em maior deposição de CLA, isômeros e ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). O isômero c9,t11 foi mais depositado do que o t10,c12. Os ácidos graxos n-3 e n-6 aumentaram com o período de alimentação, enquanto os ácidos graxos saturados (SFA), monoinsaturados e de cadeia média diminuíram. A razão PUFA/SFA, DHA/EPA, EPA + DHA e índice de trombogenicidade aumentaram linearmente. Enquanto o índice de aterogenicidade reduziu, a razão hipocolesterolêmica/hipercolesterolêmica aumentou em efeito quadrático com o aumento do tempo de alimentação com CLA. Nenhuma diferença foi observada para a razão n-6/n-3. Assim, a alimentação de A. altiparanae com 2.5% de CLA por um mínimo de 35 dias melhora o perfil de ácidos graxos e fornece um produto comercial com boa qualidade nutricional e benefícios funcionais.(AU)

Physical and financial participation of teaching hospitals in private care in São Paulo - Brasil.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the physical and financial participation of private health insurance beneficiaries in the TH located in the State of Sao Paulo, regarding the care of Brazilian Unique Health System patients, in the year 2017. METHODS The research data were obtained from the System of Evaluation of the Teaching Hospitals (SAHE), of the State Department of Health of São Paulo (SES/SP). RESULTS It was observed that, on average, the TH analyzed provide 17% of their operational vacancies for the Supplementary Health System, and that the financial return is better in the philanthropic ones. CONCLUSIONS The health care services provided by TH deserve to be deepened, evaluating the real advantages obtained in the provision of services, given that supplementary health care requires differentiated infrastructure, and mainly the knowledge of operational costs in order to stipulate the procedures' price.

Perfil de desempenho de técnicas coproscópicas Coproplus® e Hoffman, Pons e Janner no diagnóstico de giardíase / Performance profile of coproscopic techniques Coproplus® and Hoffman, Pons and Janner in the diagnosis of giardiasis / Perfil de rendimiento de las técnicas coproscópicas Coproplus® y Hoffman, Pons y Janner en el diagnóstico de giardiasis

Justificativa e Objetivos: Os parasitas intestinais representam um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, e sua identificação é feita rotineiramente, por meio de várias técnicas diagnósticas. Muitas dessas técnicas são criticadas por suas limitações, como a de Hoffman, Pons e Janner. Considerou-se avaliar o grau de sensibilidade diagnóstica dessa técnica em comparação ao método coproscópico de coleta e filtragem Coproplus®, uma vez que esta metodologia também é baseada na concentração de estruturas parasíticas e é uma adaptação prática aos métodos usuais, pois não há documentos diagnósticos de protozoários. Métodos: A análise gráfica pelo método de Bland-Altman mostrou que há concordância entre os dois métodos de identificação dos cistos avaliados, ao traçar as diferenças entre o número de cistos contra as médias de ambos os valores. Resultados: Verificou-se que, para os protozoários, o uso de apenas um método parasitológico de Hoffman, Pons e Janner não é suficiente para identificar todas as amostras. Conclusão: Os métodos têm se mostrado eficazes na identificação de parasitas intestinais, mas nem todos os agentes foram identificados simultaneamente em ambas as técnicas e números de cistos, o que leva à conclusão de que uma técnica pode complementar a outra.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Intestinal parasites are a public health problem in Brazil. The identification of parasites in feces is routinely performed by several diagnostic techniques; many of these methods are still criticized for their limitations such as the Hoffman, Pons, and Janner one. We thus considered valid to evaluate the degree of diagnostic sensitivity of this technique in Coproplus® coproscopic collecting and filtering method, since this methodology is also based on the concentration of parasitic structures, and this is a practical adaptation to the usual methods, since there are diagnosis documents of protozoa. Methods: The graphic analysis by the Bland-Altman method showed that there is agreement between the two methods of identification of cysts evaluated when plotting the differences between the number of cysts against the means of both values. Results: For protozoa, the use of a single parasitological method ­ Hoffman, Pons and Janner ­ is not sufficient to identify all samples. Conclusion: The analyzed methods were effective in identifying intestinal parasites, but not all agents were identified simultaneously in both techniques and numbers of cysts, which leads to the conclusion that the two techniques are complementary.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Los parásitos intestinales son un problema de salud pública en Brasil, y la identificación de parásitos se realiza de forma rutinaria mediante diversas técnicas de diagnóstico. Incluso con la existencia de numerosos métodos de diagnóstico, muchos aún son criticados por sus limitaciones, como el de Hoffman, Pons y Janner. Se consideró oportuno evaluar el grado de sensibilidad diagnóstica de esta técnica en el método de coprofia de recolección y filtro Coproplus®, ya que esta metodología también se basa en la concentración de estructuras parásitas y es una adaptación práctica a los métodos habituales, y no hay documentos de diagnóstico de protozoos. Métodos: El análisis gráfico por el método de Bland-Altman mostró que existe una concordancia entre los dos métodos de identificación de los quistes evaluados al rastrear las diferencias entre el número de quistes y los promedios de ambos valores. Resultados: Se ha encontrado que, para los protozoos, el uso de un solo método parasitológico (Hoffman, Pons y Janner) no es suficiente para identificar todas las muestras. Conclusión: Se ha demostrado que los métodos son eficaces para identificar parásitos intestinales, pero no todos los agentes se han identificado simultáneamente en las técnicas y en el número de quistes, lo que lleva a la conclusión de que una técnica puede complementar a la otra.(AU)

Physical and financial participation of teaching hospitals in private care in São Paulo - Brasil

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the physical and financial participation of private health insurance beneficiaries in the TH located in the State of Sao Paulo, regarding the care of Brazilian Unique Health System patients, in the year 2017. METHODS The research data were obtained from the System of Evaluation of the Teaching Hospitals (SAHE), of the State Department of Health of São Paulo (SES/SP). RESULTS It was observed that, on average, the TH analyzed provide 17% of their operational vacancies for the Supplementary Health System, and that the financial return is better in the philanthropic ones. CONCLUSIONS The health care services provided by TH deserve to be deepened, evaluating the real advantages obtained in the provision of services, given that supplementary health care requires differentiated infrastructure, and mainly the knowledge of operational costs in order to stipulate the procedures' price.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a participação física e financeira do atendimento aos beneficiários de planos privados de saúde nos Hospitais de Ensino (HE) do Estado de São Paulo (ESP), em relação ao atendimento a pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde, no ano de 2018. MÉTODOS os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos do Sistema de Avaliação dos Hospitais de Ensino (SAHE), da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo e do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS) do Ministério da Saúde. RESULTADOS observou-se que, em média os HE analisados ofertam 18,7% dos leitos operacionais para a Saúde Suplementar (SS), e que o retorno financeiro é melhor nos filantrópicos. CONCLUSÕES o atendimento a planos de saúde pelos HE merece ser aprofundado, avaliando-se as reais vantagens obtidas na prestação dos serviços e que o atendimento à SS exige infraestrutura diferenciada, e, principalmente o conhecimento de custos operacionais para estipulação de preços dos procedimentos.

The fatty acid elongation genes elovl4a and elovl4b are present and functional in the genome of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum).

Long-chain (C20-24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are physiologically important nutrients for vertebrates including fish. Previous studies have addressed the metabolism of LC-PUFA in the Amazonian teleost tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), an emerging species in Brazilian aquaculture, showing that all the desaturase and elongase activities required to convert C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into LC-PUFA are present in tambaqui. Yet, elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 4 (Elovl4) proteins, which participate in the biosynthesis of very long-chain (>C24) saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA) and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), had not been characterized in this species. Here, we investigate the repertoire and function of two Elovl4 in tambaqui. Furthermore, we present the first draft genome assembly from tambaqui, and demonstrated the usefulness of this resource in nutritional physiology studies by isolating one of the tambaqui elovl4 genes. Our results showed that, similarly to other teleost species, two elovl4 gene paralogs termed as elovl4a and elovl4b, are present in tambaqui. Tambaqui elovl4a and elovl4b have open reading frames (ORF) of 948 and 912 base pairs, encoding putative proteins of 315 and 303 amino acids, respectively. Functional characterization in yeast showed that both Elovl4 enzymes have activity toward all the PUFA substrates assayed (18:3n-3, 18:2n-6, 18:4n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:5n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3), producing elongated products of up to C36. Moreover, both Elovl4 were able to elongate 22:5n-3 to 24:5n-3, a key elongation step required for the synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid via the Sprecher pathway.

Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of ß-adrenergic receptors (ß-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. METHODS: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with ß-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with ß-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. RESULTS: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of ß-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of ß-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). CONCLUSION: The pharmacological modulation of ß-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.

Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.(AU)

Conhecimento de pediatras e residentes sobre fatores de risco associados ao glaucoma cortisônico / Knowledge of pediatricians and residents about risk factors associated with cortisone glaucoma / Conocimiento de pediatras y residentes sobre factores de riesgo asociados al glaucoma cortisónico

Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de pediatras e residentes sobre fatores de risco associados ao glaucoma cortisônico. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e prospectivo, realizado em novembro de 2018 com médicos pediatras e residentes de pediatria atuantes na cidade Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, que responderam a um questionário com 12 questões sobre o seu nível de conhecimento em relação aos fatores de risco para o glaucoma cortisônico. As variáveis foram apresentadas por frequência absoluta e relativa, e por medida de tendência central seguida de uma medida de dispersão. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes desconhecem a relação entre o uso de corticosteroides e o desenvolvimento de glaucoma secundário, desconhecem os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento da referida doença, e não encaminham os pacientes sob uso de corticoides para acompanhamento com o oftalmologista. Conclusão: verifica-se a necessidade de criação de campanhas visando informar os médicos sobre a importância de se prescrever os corticosteroides com cautela, e quando a prescrição for necessária. Ressalta-se também, a importância da avaliação por profissional habilitado, especialmente buscando evitar o desenvolvimento do glaucoma cortisônico.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the pediatricians and pediatric residents' knowledge regarding the risk factors associated with cortisone-induced glaucoma. Method: this is a descriptive, quantitative and prospective study conducted in November 2018 with pediatricians and pediatric residents in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who answered a questionnaire with 12 questions about their level of knowledge in relation to the risk factors for cortisone glaucoma. The variables were presented by absolute and relative frequency, and by central tendency measure followed by a dispersion measure. Results: most respondents are unaware of the relationship between the use of corticosteroids and the development of secondary glaucoma, do not know the risk factors associated with the development of this disease, and do not refer patients using corticosteroids for a follow-up with the ophthalmologist. Conclusion: it is necessary to create campaigns to inform physicians about the importance of caution in the corticosteroids prescription, especially in order to avoid the development of cortisone-induced glaucoma.(AU)

Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento de pediatras y residentes sobre factores de riesgo asociados al glaucoma cortisónico. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y prospectivo, realizado en noviembre de 2018 con médicos pediatras y residentes de pediatría actuantes en la ciudad Río de Janeiro, Brasil, que respondieron a un cuestionario con 12 preguntas sobre el nivel de conocimiento de los participantes en relación a los factores de riesgo para el glaucoma cortisónico. Las variables fueron presentadas por frecuencia absoluta y relativa, y por medida de tendencia central seguida de una medida de dispersión. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes desconocen la relación entre el uso de corticosteroides y el desarrollo de glaucoma secundario, desconocen los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de la referida enfermedad, y no encaminan a los pacientes sobre el uso de corticoides para acompañamiento con el oftalmólogo. Conclusión: se verificó la necesidad de crear campañas para informar a los médicos sobre la importancia de prescribir los corticosteroides con cautela, y cuando la prescripción sea necesaria. Se resalta también la importancia de la evaluación por profesional habilitado, especialmente buscando evitar el desarrollo del glaucoma cortisónico.(AU)

Manifestações e tratamento da necrólise epidérmica tóxica e da síndrome de Stevens Johnson / Manifestations and treatment of toxic epidermic necrolysis and Stevens Johnson's syndrome / Manifestaciones y tratamiento de la necrolisis epidérmica tóxica y del síndrome de Stevens Johnson

Objetivo: identificar as manifestações clínicas da necrólise epidérmica tóxica (NET) e síndrome de Stevens Johnson (SSJ). Método: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa. A busca dos artigos utilizou a ferramenta Publish or Perish, que ranqueia os trabalhos com base no número de citações recebidas. Foram realizadas duas buscas, pois apesar das doenças se relacionarem, possuem diagnósticos diferentes. Na primeira, os descritores utilizados foram: "necrólise epidérmica tóxica" e "manifestações clínicas", e na segunda os descritores foram: "Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson" e "manifestações clínicas". Resultados: após a leitura dos 12 artigos selecionados, entendeu-se que a patogênese da necrólise epidérmica tóxica e Síndrome de Stevens Johnson se dá pela hipersensibilidade tardia a fármacos. As manifestações clínicas se dão pelo aparecimento do eritema cutâneo com formação de máculas, pápulas, vesículas e bolhas associadas ou isoladas, como placas de urticária ou eritema extenso. Na NET é possível notar desprendimento extenso da epiderme maior que 30% da superfície corpórea, conhecido como sinal de Nikolsky, com acometimento de mucosas. Conclusão: A NET e SSJ são farmacodermias graves, com baixas incidências, mas elevada mortalidade. O reconhecimento precoce das doenças e a retirada do fármaco causador são essenciais para conduzir o tratamento, diminuindo por sua vez a taxa de mortalidade.(AU)

Objective: to identify the clinical manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS). Method: the articles search was done using the Publish or Perish computational tool, which ranks the articles based on the number of citations. Two separate searches were performed, because although the diseases are related, they have different diagnoses. In the first, the descriptors used were "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis" and "clinical manifestations", and in the second the descriptors were "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome" and "clinical manifestations". Results: in total, 12 articles constituted the present revision. It was understood that the pathogenesis of TEN and SJS is due to late drugs hypersensitivity. The clinical manifestations are due to the appearance of cutaneous erythema with the formation of macules, papules, vesicles and associated or isolated blisters, such as urticaria plaques or extensive erythema. In the TEN it is possible to notice extensive detachment of the epidermis greater than 30% of the body surface, known as Nikolsky's signal, with mucous involvement. Conclusion: TEN and SJS are serious skin diseases, with low incidences but high mortality. Early recognition of disease and withdrawal of the causative drug are essential for conducting treatment, thus decreasing the mortality rate. Descriptors: Nursing; Dermatology; Signs and Symptoms; Treatment; Health Management.(AU)

Objectivo: identificar las manifestaciones clínicas de la necrólisis epidérmica tóxica (NET) y el síndrome de Stevens Johnson (SSJ). Método: la selección de los artículos consideró el número de citas recibidas por otras publicaciones. Se realizaron dos búsquedas, pues a pesar de las enfermedades se relacionan, poseen diferentes diagnósticos. En la primera, los descriptores utilizados fueron: "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis" y "clinical manifestations", y en los segundos los descriptores fueron: "Stevens-Johnson Syndrome" y "clinical manifestations". Resultados: en total, 12 artículos constituyeron la presente revisión. Se ha comprobado que la patogénesis de TEN y SJS se debe a las drogas de larga duración. Las manifestaciones clínicas se deben a la apariencia de cutánea erythema con la formación de macules, papules, vesicles y asociados, o blister, tales como urticaria plaquetas o extensión erythema. En el TEN es posible que tenga un detalle detallado de las epidermis mayor que el 30% de la superficie del cuerpo, conocidas la Nikolsky de la señal, con mucous. Conclusión: la NET y SSJ son farmacodermias graves, con bajas incidencias pero elevada mortalidad. El reconocimiento precoz de las enfermedades y la retirada del fármaco causante son esenciales para conducir el tratamiento, disminuyendo a su vez la tasa de mortalidad. Descriptores: Enfermería; Dermatología; Signos y Síntomas; Tratamiento; Gestión en Salud.(AU)

A complete enzymatic capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is present in the Amazonian teleost tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum.

In vertebrates, the essential fatty acids (FA) that satisfy the dietary requirements for a given species depend upon its desaturation and elongation capabilities to convert the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), namely linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), into the biologically active long-chain (C20-24) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), including arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Recent studies have established that tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), an important aquaculture-produced species in Brazil, is a herbivorous fish that can fulfil its essential FA requirements with dietary provision C18 PUFA LA and ALA, although the molecular mechanisms underpinning such ability remained unclear. The present study aimed at cloning and functionally characterizing genes encoding key desaturase and elongase enzymes, namely fads2, elovl5 and elovl2, involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways in tambaqui. First, a fads2-like desaturase was isolated from tambaqui. When expressed in yeast, the tambaqui Fads2 showed Δ6, Δ5 and Δ8 desaturase capacities within the same enzyme, enabling all desaturation reactions required for ARA, EPA and DHA biosynthesis. Moreover, tambaqui possesses two elongases that are bona fide orthologs of elovl5 and elovl2. Their functional characterization confirmed that they can operate towards a variety of PUFA substrates with chain lengths ranging from 18 to 22 carbons. Overall our results provide compelling evidence that demonstrates that all the desaturase and elongase activities required to convert LA and ALA into ARA, EPA and DHA are present in tambaqui within the three genes studied herein, i.e. fads2, elovl5 and elovl2.

Pharmacological modulation of b-adrenoceptors as a new cardioprotective strategy for therapy of myocardial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective response of the pharmacological modulation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (NWR) rats. Methods: CIR was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descendent coronary artery (10 min) and reperfusion (75 min). The SHR was treated with β-AR antagonist atenolol (AT, 10 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR, and NWR were treated with β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 0.5 mg/kg, IV) 5 min before CIR. Results: The treatment with AT increased the incidence of VA, AVB and LET in SHR, suggesting that spontaneous cardioprotection in hypertensive animals was abolished by blockade of β-AR. In contrast, the treatment with ISO significantly reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular blockade and lethality in NWR (30%, 20% and 20%, respectively), suggesting that the activation of β-AR stimulate cardioprotection in normotensive animals. Serum CK-MB were higher in SHR/CIR and NWR/CIR compared to respective SHAM group (not altered by treatment with AT or ISO). Conclusion: The pharmacological modulation of β-AR could be a new cardioprotective strategy for the therapy of myocardial dysfunctions induced by CIR related to cardiac surgery and cardiovascular diseases.

Cardioprotective effect of preconditioning is more efficient than postconditioning in rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion1.

PURPOSE: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (preIC) and postconditioning (postIC) in animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Adult rats were submitted to protocol of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and randomized into three experimental groups: cardiac I/R (n=33), preCI + cardiac I/R (n=7) and postCI + cardiac I/R (n=8). After this I/R protocol, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) was evaluated using the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. RESULTS: After reestablishment of coronary blood flow, we observed variations of the ECG trace with increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (85%), atrioventricular block (AVB) (79%), and increase of lethality (70%) in cardiac I/R group. The comparison between I/R + preIC group with I/R group demonstrated significant reduction in VA incidence to 28%, AVB to 0% and lethality to 14%. The comparison of I/R + postIC group with I/R group was observed significance reduction in AVB incidence to 25% and lethality to 25%. CONCLUSION: The preconditioning strategies produce cardioprotection more efficient that postconditioning against myocardial dysfunctions and lethality by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.

Cardioprotective effect of lipstatin derivative orlistat on normotensive rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in vivo animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion the cardioprotective activity of pancreatic lipase inhibitor of the orlistat. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, placed on mechanical ventilation and underwent surgery to induce cardiac I/R by obstructing left descending coronary artery followed by reperfusion to evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) with pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat (ORL). At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were collected for determination of triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). RESULTS: Treatment with ORL has been able to decrease the incidence of VA, AVB and LET. Besides that, treatment with ORL reduced serum concentrations of CK and LDL, but did not alter the levels of serum concentration of TG, VLDL and HDL. CONCLUSION: The reduction of ventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, and lethality and serum levels of creatine kinase produced by treatment with orlistat in animal model of cardiac isquemia/reperfusion injury suggest that ORL could be used as an efficient cardioprotective therapeutic strategy to attenuate myocardial damage related to acute myocardial infarction.

Cardioprotective effect of preconditioning is more efficient than postconditioning in rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (preIC) and postconditioning (postIC) in animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Methods: Adult rats were submitted to protocol of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and randomized into three experimental groups: cardiac I/R (n=33), preCI + cardiac I/R (n=7) and postCI + cardiac I/R (n=8). After this I/R protocol, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) was evaluated using the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. Results: After reestablishment of coronary blood flow, we observed variations of the ECG trace with increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (85%), atrioventricular block (AVB) (79%), and increase of lethality (70%) in cardiac I/R group. The comparison between I/R + preIC group with I/R group demonstrated significant reduction in VA incidence to 28%, AVB to 0% and lethality to 14%. The comparison of I/R + postIC group with I/R group was observed significance reduction in AVB incidence to 25% and lethality to 25%. Conclusion: The preconditioning strategies produce cardioprotection more efficient that postconditioning against myocardial dysfunctions and lethality by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.(AU)

Cardioprotective effect of preconditioning is more efficient than postconditioning in rats submitted to cardiac ischemia and reperfusion

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (preIC) and postconditioning (postIC) in animal model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Methods: Adult rats were submitted to protocol of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and randomized into three experimental groups: cardiac I/R (n=33), preCI + cardiac I/R (n=7) and postCI + cardiac I/R (n=8). After this I/R protocol, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) was evaluated using the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis. Results: After reestablishment of coronary blood flow, we observed variations of the ECG trace with increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) (85%), atrioventricular block (AVB) (79%), and increase of lethality (70%) in cardiac I/R group. The comparison between I/R + preIC group with I/R group demonstrated significant reduction in VA incidence to 28%, AVB to 0% and lethality to 14%. The comparison of I/R + postIC group with I/R group was observed significance reduction in AVB incidence to 25% and lethality to 25%. Conclusion: The preconditioning strategies produce cardioprotection more efficient that postconditioning against myocardial dysfunctions and lethality by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion.

Análise da participação brasileira no depósito de patentes relacionadas à tuberculose pulmonar / Análisis de la participación de Brasil en la solicitud de patentes relacionadas con la tuberculosis pulmonar / Analysis of Brazilian participation in pulmonary tuberculosis patent application

Para extração e avaliação em massa de informações descritas nas patentes é necessário utilizar ferramentas computacionais de data mining, visto que a verificação manual desses documentos é uma tarefa bastante complexa. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi utilizar a ferramenta de mineração Patent2net para extrair da base Espacenet informações relativas à participação brasileira no tocante ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias relacionadas à tuberculose pulmonar, e identificar invenções patenteadas em outros países, cuja proteção não tenha sido estendida ao Brasil, e que possam ser utilizadas para prevenção de tão importante doença negligenciada no contexto nacional. Como principais resultados, foram identificadas 1 585 patentes, depositadas entre os anos de 1897 a 2017 em 30 países, sem a participação de inventores ou empresas brasileiras, e que descreviam principalmente tecnologias relacionadas a agentes antibióticos e antissépticos, tanto naturais quanto alopáticos, todavia voltadas principalmente ao tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar, e não à prevenção. Em um segundo momento, foi identificada uma patente que descreve um aspirador de secreções descartável com baixo custo de produção, livre para reprodução no Brasil, com potencial aplicabilidade na profilaxia da infecção cruzada em tuberculose, o que pode contribuir para minimizar a problemática relativa à doença tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países(AU)

Para la extracción exhaustiva y el uso de la información descrita en las patentes, es necesario contar con herramientas computacionales de minería de datos, ya que la evaluación manual de esos documentos sería una tarea muy compleja. El objetivo del presente estudio es utilizar la herramienta de minería Patent2net para extraer de la base de datos Espacenet información relacionada con la participación de Brasil en la elaboración de tecnologías relacionadas con la tuberculosis pulmonar, así como identificar invenciones patentadas en otros países cuya protección no ha sido extendida a Brasil y que pueden usarse en el contexto nacional para prevenir esa importante enfermedad desatendida. Los principales resultados fueron la identificación de 1 585 patentes depositadas entre los años 1897 y 2017 en 30 países sin la participación de compañías o inventores brasileños, en las que fundamentalmente se describen tecnologías relacionadas con antibióticos y antisépticos, tanto naturales como alopáticos, pero que se centran en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar, no en su prevención. En un segundo momento se identificó una patente donde se describió una aspiradora desechable de un bajo costo de producción, con posibilidades de reproducción gratuita en Brasil y potencial aplicación en la profilaxis de infecciones cruzadas con la tuberculosis, lo que puede contribuir a minimizar este problema de salud tanto en Brasil como en otros países(AU)

For mass extraction and use of information described in patents it is necessary to use computational tools of data mining, since the manual evaluation of these documents is a very complex task. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to use Patent2net mining tool to extract from Espacenet database information regarding Brazilian involvement in the development of technologies related to pulmonary tuberculosis, and to identify patented inventions in other countries, whose protection has not been extended to Brazil, and that can be used to prevent such an important neglected disease in the national context. As main results, 1,585 patents were identified, deposited between the years 1897 and 2017 in 30 countries, without the participation of inventors or Brazilian companies, which mainly described technologies related to antibiotic and antiseptic agents, both natural and allopathic, but focused on the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and not on prevention. In a second moment, was identified a patent describing a disposable vacuum cleaner with low cost of production, free for reproduction in Brazil, with potential applicability in the prophylaxis of cross-infection in tuberculosis, which may contribute to minimize the disease-related problem both in Brazil and in other countries(AU)

Análise da participação brasileira no depósito de patentes relacionadas à tuberculose pulmonar / Análisis de la participación de Brasil en la solicitud de patentes relacionadas con la tuberculosis pulmonar / Analysis of Brazilian participation in pulmonary tuberculosis patent application

Para extração e avaliação em massa de informações descritas nas patentes é necessário utilizar ferramentas computacionais de data mining, visto que a verificação manual desses documentos é uma tarefa bastante complexa. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi utilizar a ferramenta de mineração Patent2net para extrair da base Espacenet informações relativas à participação brasileira no tocante ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias relacionadas à tuberculose pulmonar, e identificar invenções patenteadas em outros países, cuja proteção não tenha sido estendida ao Brasil, e que possam ser utilizadas para prevenção de tão importante doença negligenciada no contexto nacional. Como principais resultados, foram identificadas 1 585 patentes, depositadas entre os anos de 1897 a 2017 em 30 países, sem a participação de inventores ou empresas brasileiras, e que descreviam principalmente tecnologias relacionadas a agentes antibióticos e antissépticos, tanto naturais quanto alopáticos, todavia voltadas principalmente ao tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar, e não à prevenção. Em um segundo momento, foi identificada uma patente que descreve um aspirador de secreções descartável com baixo custo de produção, livre para reprodução no Brasil, com potencial aplicabilidade na profilaxia da infecção cruzada em tuberculose, o que pode contribuir para minimizar a problemática relativa à doença tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países(AU)

Para la extracción exhaustiva y el uso de la información descrita en las patentes, es necesario contar con herramientas computacionales de minería de datos, ya que la evaluación manual de esos documentos sería una tarea muy compleja. El objetivo del presente estudio es utilizar la herramienta de minería Patent2net para extraer de la base de datos Espacenet información relacionada con la participación de Brasil en la elaboración de tecnologías relacionadas con la tuberculosis pulmonar, así como identificar invenciones patentadas en otros países cuya protección no ha sido extendida a Brasil y que pueden usarse en el contexto nacional para prevenir esa importante enfermedad desatendida. Los principales resultados fueron la identificación de 1 585 patentes depositadas entre los años 1897 y 2017 en 30 países sin la participación de compañías o inventores brasileños, en las que fundamentalmente se describen tecnologías relacionadas con antibióticos y antisépticos, tanto naturales como alopáticos, pero que se centran en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar, no en su prevención. En un segundo momento se identificó una patente donde se describió una aspiradora desechable de un bajo costo de producción, con posibilidades de reproducción gratuita en Brasil y potencial aplicación en la profilaxis de infecciones cruzadas con la tuberculosis, lo que puede contribuir a minimizar este problema de salud tanto en Brasil como en otros países(AU)

For mass extraction and use of information described in patents it is necessary to use computational tools of data mining, since the manual evaluation of these documents is a very complex task. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to use Patent2net mining tool to extract from Espacenet database information regarding Brazilian involvement in the development of technologies related to pulmonary tuberculosis, and to identify patented inventions in other countries, whose protection has not been extended to Brazil, and that can be used to prevent such an important neglected disease in the national context. As main results, 1,585 patents were identified, deposited between the years 1897 and 2017 in 30 countries, without the participation of inventors or Brazilian companies, which mainly described technologies related to antibiotic and antiseptic agents, both natural and allopathic, but focused on the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and not on prevention. In a second moment, was identified a patent describing a disposable vacuum cleaner with low cost of production, free for reproduction in Brazil, with potential applicability in the prophylaxis of cross-infection in tuberculosis, which may contribute to minimize the disease-related problem both in Brazil and in other countries(AU)