Assessment of control and epidemiologic details of the schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal, São Paulo, Brazil.

The purpose of our study in the municipality of Bananal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, was to stop the transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni. Particular emphasis was given to such items as the active surveillance and eventual treatment of hosts, mapping parasite foci, and increasing the extent of basic sanitation in the municipality. Now, our records indicate that the eradication of schistosomiasis in the municipality of Bananal is attainable. However, as the vector Biomphalaria tenagophila can still be found in some water bodies within this municipality, it remains included in the area where schistosomiasis is endemic, which calls for very strict measures to avoid the human cases of schistososomiasis. The expansion of the coverage of the basic sanitation network and treatment of Schistosoma mansoni cases diagnosed during periodic surveys are part of the plans to eradicate schistosomiasis in Bananal.

Assessment of control and epidemiologic details of the schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal, São Paulo, Brazil / Avaliação do controle e detalhes epidemiológicos da esquistossomose mansoni em Bananal, São Paulo, Brasil

The purpose of our study in the municipality of Bananal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, was to stop the transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni. Particular emphasis was given to such items as the active surveillance and eventual treatment of hosts, mapping parasite foci, and increasing the extent of basic sanitation in the municipality. Now, our records indicate that the eradication of schistosomiasis in the municipality of Bananal is attainable. However, as the vector Biomphalaria tenagophila can still be found in some water bodies within this municipality, it remains included in the area where schistosomiasis is endemic, which calls for very strict measures to avoid the human cases of schistososomiasis. The expansion of the coverage of the basic sanitation network and treatment of Schistosoma mansoni cases diagnosed during periodic surveys are part of the plans to eradicate schistosomiasis in Bananal.

O propósito do nosso trabalho no município de Bananal, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi o de interromper a transmissão da esquistossomose mansônica. Foi dada particular atenção a itens como: busca ativa e tratamento dos infectados, mapeamento dos focos de parasitas e aumento da abrangência do saneamento básico do município. Atualmente, nossos dados indicam que a provável erradicação da esquistossomose em Bananal é possível. Entretanto, como o vetor Biomphalaria tenagophila ainda pode ser encontrado em algumas coleções de água deste município, esta permanece incluída em área onde a esquistossomose é endêmica. Isto implica a adoção de medidas muito restritas para evitar novas ocorrências de casos humanos da doença. Fazem parte do plano de erradicação da esquistossomose a expansão da cobertura da rede de saneamento básico e o tratamento dos casos diagnosticados durante as investigações periódicas. .

Abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of fibrosis and portal hypertension in an area of schistosomiasis low endemicity.

This study was undertaken in the municipality of Bananal, São Paulo, an endemic area for schistosomiasis with a prevalence under 10% and low parasite load among infected individuals. Our objective was to identify the clinical forms of schistosomiasis among 109 patients in whom the disease had been diagnosed through direct fecal analysis and who had been medicated with oxamniquine at the time of the Plan for the Intensification of Schistosomiasis Control Actions (1998-2000). These patients were submitted to an abdominal ultrasonography and fecal analysis by Kato-Katz method, four years, on average, after the end of the Plan. Five patients, whose abdominal ultrasound images were compatible with either peripheral or central periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, were identified. None of the 109 patients presented Schistosoma mansoni eggs at fecal analysis. Ultrasonography is a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic method that allows a better identification of the extent of liver involvement in schistosomiasis cases.

Abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of fibrosis and portal hypertension in an area of schistosomiasis low endemicity

This study was undertaken in the municipality of Bananal, São Paulo, an endemic area for schistosomiasis with a prevalence under 10 percent and low parasite load among infected individuals. Our objective was to identify the clinical forms of schistosomiasis among 109 patients in whom the disease had been diagnosed through direct fecal analysis and who had been medicated with oxamniquine at the time of the Plan for the Intensification of Schistosomiasis Control Actions (1998-2000). These patients were submitted to an abdominal ultrasonography and fecal analysis by Kato-Katz method, four years, on average, after the end of the Plan. Five patients, whose abdominal ultrasound images were compatible with either peripheral or central periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, were identified. None of the 109 patients presented Schistosoma mansoni eggs at fecal analysis. Ultrasonography is a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic method that allows a better identification of the extent of liver involvement in schistosomiasis cases.

Este estudo desenvolveu-se no município de Bananal, São Paulo, uma área endêmica para esquistossomose com prevalência menor que 10 por cento e baixa carga parasitária nos infectados. Teve como objetivo a identificação de formas clínicas da esquistossomose mansoni através do exame ultra-sonográfico, em 109 pacientes diagnosticados parasitologicamente e medicados com oxamniquine, durante a realização do Plano de Intensificação das Ações de Controle da Esquistossomose mansônica (1998-2000). Foram utilizadas a ultra-sonografia abdominal e exames de fezes (Kato-Katz) realizados após o término do plano, quatro anos em média. Nesta casuística, foram identificados cinco pacientes com imagens ultra-sonográficas abdominais compatíveis com fibrose periportal periférica ou central e hipertensão portal, além da negatividade de todos os exames parasitológicos nos 109 pacientes. A ultra-sonografia, um método de diagnóstico sensível e não invasivo, possibilitou a identificação de casos com comprometimento hepático em uma área de baixa endemicidade para esquistossomose mansoni.

Observacões sobre o TESA blot no diagnóstico sorológico da doenca de Chagas / Observations on the use of TESA blot for the serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease

Comparamos o TESA blot com a hemaglutinacão indireta, imunofluorescência indireta e ELISA. Nos 30 soros de pessoas infectadas pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, as quatro técnicas foram positivas em todos, e nos 30 não-infectados, totalmente negativas. Nos soros indeterminados e nos de leishmaniose visceral, comprovamos muitas positividades falsas, em quantidade bastante menor com o TESA blot.

[Observations on the use of TESA blot for the serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease]. / Observações sobre o TESA blot no diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas.

TESA blot was compared with indirect hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA tests. In sera from 30 participants infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and in 30 non infected the four techniques produced entirely equivalent results, all positive and all negative, respectively. In cases admitted to be inconclusive or in visceral leishmaniasis, frequent false positives were detected. However, TESA blot contributed with the least proportion of them.

Avaliação da eficácia da azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados por cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii / Evaluation of the efficacy of azithromycin and pyrimethamine, for treatment of experimental infection of mice with Toxoplasma gondii cystogenic strain

Foi avaliada a eficácia da administração prolongada de azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados com cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii. Os animais foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um cisto de T. gondii e, após 20 dias, divididos em quatro grupos: GI infectados não tratados, GII infectados e tratados concomitantemente com pirimetamina (12,5mg/kg/dia) e azitromicina (100mg/kg/dia), GIII infectados e tratados com a mesma dose de pirimetamina e GIV infectados e tratados da mesma forma com azitromicina. O tratamento, via oral, estendeu-se por 120 dias; após este período os animais foram sacrificados e foi feita a contagem dos cistos no cérebro. A associação de ambos os medicamentos proporcionou melhores resultados, diminuindo a contagem de cistos no cérebro dos animais tratados de forma concomitante.

[Blastocystosis: a high proportion of cases found in schoolchildren of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Elevada porcentagem de blastocistose em escolares de São Paulo, SP.

As a part of medical assistance activities, parasitological examination of fecal samples from 227 school children from a public institution of São Paulo (SP) revealed a rather high proportion of results positive for Blastocystis hominis. Other protozoan and worm species were markedly scarcer, a peculiar situation according to our judgement. It is acknowledged that blastocystosis is still largely an indefinite and controversial subject, which deserves adequate analysis to avoid drawbacks in the sphere of action of public health and general medical assistance.

Elevada porcentagem de blastocistose em escolares de São Paulo, SP / Blastocystosis: a high proportion of cases found in schoolchildren of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Em exame parasitológico de fezes de 227 alunos de escola pública de São Paulo (SP), encontramos 87 (38,3 por cento) positivas para Blastocystis hominis. A blastocistose ainda suscita controvérsias e indefinições, merecedoras de esclarecimentos sobretudo para evitar contratempos no âmbito da saúde pública e das atenções médico-assistenciais.

[Evaluation of the efficacy of azithromycin and pyrimethamine, for treatment of experimental infection of mice with Toxoplasma gondii cystogenic strain]. / Avaliação da eficácia da azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados por cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii.

The efficacy of prolonged administration of azithromycin and pyrimethamine was evaluated in mice experimentally infected with cystogenic strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with one cyst of T. gondii and after 20 days were allocated into four groups: GI, infected without treatment; GII, infected and treated with the association of pyrimethamine (12.5 mg/kg/day) and azithromycin (100 mg/kg/day); GIII, infected and treated with the same dose of pyrimethamine; and GIV, infected and treated in the same way with azithromycin. The oral treatment lasted 120 days, after this period all the animals were sacrificed and the count of cysts in the brain was done. The association of both drugs provided the best results, by diminishing the cyst count in the brain of the animals treated in this way.

Blastocistose: controvérsias e indefinições / Blastocystosis: controversy and ill-defined

A blastocistose, enterite devida ao Blastocystis hominis, ainda causa controvérsias. É comum verificar que expressivo número de médicos, patologistas e profissionaisque exercem atividades no âmbito da saúde pública conhecem ainda pouco sobre aspectos nosológicos desse protozoário. Essa situação faz com que, por vezes, sejam adotadas condutas inadequadas na clínica...

[The efficiency of the examination of compressed fecal samples for Schistosoma mansoni eggs]. / Eficiência do diagnóstico coproscópico de Schistosoma mansoni em fezes prensadas.

The control of schistosomiasis depends mostly upon the sensitivity of stool examinations. We used both the Kato-Katz technique and the compression of samples between the slide and a polypropylene cover glass, according to Ferreira. Out of 1,282 samples collected between 1998 and 2000 in the Palha District, Municipality of Bananal, São Paulo State, Brazil, 105 (8.2 %) were positive. The first and second methods revealed 90 (7%) and 88 (6.9 %) positive cases, respectively. According to the kappa statistic, both methods were in agreement. In Bananal, the proportion of positive cases and egg per gram (epg) values are low, which calls for the examination of larger than usual volumes of feces. The viability of Schistosoma mansoni eggs can also be checked when using the second method, which dispenses with glycerin solution, measuring plates and sieves. The latter cause a further loss of precision in epg determinations.

[Blastocystosis: controversy and indefinedness]. / Blastocistose: controvérsias e indefinições.

Blastocystosis is the infection caused by Blastocystis hominis. It is associated with frequent and unquestionably very important controversy and lack of definition, above all due to its implications for general assistance and medical care. In that connection, there is considerable disagreement on the subject of the pathogenicity of this protozoan, which should be categorically defined. Other aspects besides the above, require clarification through results from well conducted studies aiming at attributing Blastocystis hominis a proper role within the context of public health. Another matter worthy of attention is the diagnostic value of the parasitological stool examination, with the proviso that it is adequate, as are fecal smears suspended in saline solution or permanent mounts stained with iron hematoxylin or thionine. The use of inadequate techniques tends to produce false negative results, thereby impeding investigation into the real importance of this microorganism.

Eficiência do diagnóstico coproscópico de Schistosoma mansoni em fezes prensadas / The efficiency of the examination of compressed fecal samples for Schistosoma mansoni eggs

A eficácia do controle da esquistossomose depende em grande parte da sensibilidade da coproscopia. Passamos a utilizar, além da técnica de Kato-Katz, a de prensagem de fezes entre lâmina e lamínula de polipropileno, segundo Ferreira. De 1.282 amostras fecais colhidas entre 1998 e 2000 no Bairro da Palha, Município de Bananal, São Paulo, Brasil, 105 (8,2 por cento) resultaram positivas. A primeira técnica revelou 90 (7 por cento) e a segunda, 88 (6,9 por cento) amostras positivas. Os resultados concordaram, segundo a estatística kappa. Valores baixos de percentagens de positivos e de opg (ovos por grama) de fezes, em Bananal, demandaram aumento do volume de material a examinar. Além de permitir a observaçäo da viabilidade dos ovos de Schistosoma mansoni, a segunda técnica dispensa o uso de glicerina, de placa medidora e de tamisaçäo; esta última, responsável por ulterior perda de precisäo nas determinações de opg

Blastocistose: controvérsias e indefinições / Blastocystosis: controversy and indefinedness

Blastocistose é a infecçäo causada pelo Blastocystis hominis. Está relacionada com várias controvérsias e indefinições, sem dúvida muito importantes sobretudo pelas implicações médico-assistenciais que suscitam. A propósito, pendência expressiva diz respeito à patogenicidade do referido protozoário, que precisa ser categoricamente definida. Ao lado dessa particularidade outros assuntos exigem elucidações através de pesquisas bem conduzidas, para que a blastocistose fique devidamente situada no contexto da saúde pública. Aspecto também digno de atençäo é o diagnóstico pelo exame parasitológico de fezes, necessariamente executável por meio de métodos adequados, como o direto e os permanentes, exemplificados pelos que usam a a hematoxilina férrica ou a tionina. O emprego de técnicas impróprias propicia resultados falsos-negativos, conturbando o aconselhável bom conhecimento da real participaçäo do microrganismo em questäo

Staining of intestinal protozoa with Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin.

Due to its unique properties, iron hematoxylin has been traditionally recommended for staining intestinal protozoa. This process can be simplified by reducing the number of steps and periods of permanence of the slides in some of the liquids used, without detriment to the quality of the results. Thus iron hematoxylin becomes adequate for routine use. Hematoxylin is a natural dye extracted from Haematoxylon campechianum, of the family Leguminosae. It must first be 'ripened', i.e. oxidized to hematein, which reacts with ferric ammonium sulphate to produce the ferric lake (iron hematoxylin), a basic dye. Iron hematoxylin most frequently stains regressively, i.e. the slides are first overstained and then differentiated.

Microwave treatment of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease

It is recognized that breast feeding is an alternative means of transmission of Chagas disease. However, thermal treatment of milk can prevent this occurrence. As domestic microwave ovens are becoming commonplace, the efficacy of microwave thermal treatment in inactivating Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in human milk was tested. Human milk samples infected with T. cruzi trypomastigotes (Y strain) from laboratory-infected mice, were heated to 63 ºC in a domestic microwave oven (2 450 MHz, 700 W). Microscopical and serological examinations demonstrated that none of the animals inoculated orally or intraperitoneally with infected milk which had been treated, got the infection, while those inoculated with untreated, infected milk, became infected. It was concluded that the simple treatment prescribed, which can easily be done at home, was effective in inactivating T. cruzi trypomastigotes contained in human milk

Staining of intestinal protozoa with heidenhain's iron Hematoxylin

Due to its unique properties, iron hematoxylin has been traditionally recommended for staining intestinal protozoa. This process can be simplified by reducing the number of steps and periods of permanence of the slides in some of the liquids used, without detriment to the quality of the results. Thus iron hematoxylin becomes adequate for routine use. Hematoxylin is a natural dye extracted from Haematoxylon campechianum, of the family Leguminosae. It must first be 'ripened', i.e. oxidized to hematein, which reacts with ferric ammonium sulphate to produce the ferric lake (iron hematoxylin), a basic dye. Iron hematoxylin most frequently stains regressively, i.e. the slides are first overstained and then differentiated