Efficient Anthocyanin Recovery from Black Bean Hulls Using Eutectic Mixtures: A Sustainable Approach for Natural Dye Development.

There is a growing interest in exploring new natural sources of colorants. This study aimed to extract anthocyanins from broken black bean hulls (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by modifying water with a eutectic mixture (choline chloride:citric acid (ChCl:Ca)). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed and optimized in terms of temperature (30-70 °C), ultrasound power (150-450 W), and eutectic mixture concentration in water (1-9% (w/v)), resulting in an optimal condition of 66 °C, 420 W, and 8.2% (w/v), respectively. The main quantified anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-O-glycoside, petunidin-3-O-glycoside, and malvidin-3-O-glycoside. The half-life of the anthocyanins at 60 °C increased twelvefold in the eutectic mixture extract compared to the control, and when exposed to light, the half-life was 10 times longer, indicating greater resistance of anthocyanins in the extracted eutectic mixture. Additionally, the extracts were concentrated through centrifuge-assisted cryoconcentration, with the initial cycle almost double the extract value, making this result more favorable regarding green metrics. The first concentration cycle, which showed vibrant colors of anthocyanins, was selected to analyze the color change at different pH levels. In general, the technology that uses eutectic mixtures as water modifiers followed by cryoconcentration proved to be efficient for use as indicators in packaging, both in quantity and quality of anthocyanins.

Phenolic Fraction from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) By-product: Innovative Extraction Techniques and New Encapsulation Trends for Its Valorization.

Peanut skin is a by-product rich in bioactive compounds with high nutritional and pharmaceutical values. The phenolic fraction, rich in proanthocyanidins/procyanidins, is a relevant class of bioactive compounds, which has been increasingly applied as functional ingredients for food and pharmaceutical applications and is mostly recovered from peanut skins through low-pressure extraction methods. Therefore, the use of green high-pressure extractions is an interesting alternative to value this peanut by-product. This review addresses the benefits of the phenolic fraction recovered from peanut skin, with a focus on proanthocyanin/procyanidin compounds, and discusses the improvement of their activity, bioavailability, and protection, by methods such as encapsulation. Different applications for the proanthocyanidins, in the food and pharmaceutical industries, are also explored. Additionally, high-pressure green extraction methods, combined with micro/nanoencapsulation, using wall material derived from peanut industrial processing, may represent a promising biorefinery strategy to improve the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins recovered from underutilized peanut skins.

From Biorefinery to Food Product Design: Peach (Prunus persica) By-Products Deserve Attention.

There is an increasing demand for functional foods to attend the consumers preference for products with health benefits. Peach (Prunus persica), from Rosaceae family, is a worldwide well-known fruit, and its processing generates large amounts of by-products, consisting of peel, stone (seed shell + seed), and pomace, which represent about 10% of the annual global production, an equivalent of 2.4 million tons. Some studies have already evaluated the bioactive compounds from peach by-products, although, the few available reviews do not consider peach by-products as valuable materials for product design methodology. Thereby, a novelty of this review is related to the use of these mostly unexplored by-products as alternative sources of valuable components, encouraging the circular bioeconomy approach by designing new food products. Besides, this review presents recent peach production data, compiles briefly the extraction methods for the recovery of lipids, proteins, phenolics, and fiber from peach by-products, and also shows in vivo study reports on anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-cerebral ischemia activities associated with peach components and by-product. Therefore, different proposals to recover bioactive fractions from peach by-products are provided, for further studies on food-product design.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Native Brazilian Fruits of the Arecaceae Family and Its Potential Applications for Health Promotion.

The fruits from the Arecaceae family, although being rich in bioactive compounds with potential benefits to health, have been underexplored. Studies on their composition, bioactive compounds, and effects of their consumption on health are also scarce. This review presents the composition of macro- and micronutrients, and bioactive compounds of fruits of the Arecaceae family such as bacaba, patawa, juçara, açaí, buriti, buritirana, and butiá. The potential use and reported effects of its consumption on health are also presented. The knowledge of these underutilized fruits is important to encourage production, commercialization, processing, and consumption. It can also stimulate their full use and improve the economy and social condition of the population where these fruits are found. Furthermore, it may help in future research on the composition, health effects, and new product development. Arecaceae fruits presented in this review are currently used as raw materials for producing beverages, candies, jams, popsicles, ice creams, energy drinks, and edible oils. The reported studies show that they are rich in phenolic compounds, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tocopherols, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids. Moreover, the consumption of these compounds has been associated with anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiobesity, and cardioprotective effects. These fruits have potential to be used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Despite their potential, some of them, such as buritirana and butiá, have been little explored and limited research has been conducted on their composition, biological effects, and applications. Therefore, more detailed investigations on the composition and mechanism of action based on in vitro and/or in vivo studies are needed for fruits from the Arecaceae family.

Pressurized aqueous solutions of deep eutectic solvent (DES): A green emergent extraction of anthocyanins from a Brazilian berry processing by-product.

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are emergent solvents with high extractability of bioactive compounds. Therefore, anthocyanin rich-fractions were recovered from jaboticaba peels by combining aqueous solutions of DES and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The extraction occurred at 10 MPa, 12 min, with conditions optimized through response surface methodology: 47% DES concentration, 90 °C, and 5.3 mL/min flow rate. PLE with different DES (choline chloride combined with propylene glycol or malic acid) solutions were compared to conventional solvents (water and acidified water) concerning yield, thermostability, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities. DES solutions presented anthocyanin yields up to 50% higher than conventional solvents. ChCl:Ma, with the highest anthocyanin stability ( E a  = 77.5 kJ.mol-1), was a promising solvent concerning color, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential. Environmental analysis by Green Certificate and EcoScale indicated PLE with DES solutions is a green and efficient approach to recover anthocyanin from jaboticaba peel, providing useful extracts.

Optimization of green PLE method applied for the recovery of antioxidant compounds from buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) shell.

Buriti fruit, with high content in carotenoids and antioxidant compounds, is well appreciated for its organoleptic characteristics. However, its shell, an agroindustrial residue, is mostly discarded. Therefore, to verify the technological potential of the buriti shells, the aim of this this study was to evaluated the antioxidant potential of the extracts from buriti shell obtained by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with ethanol/water mixtures. PLE optimization was performed by response surface methodology, with all results maximized at the conditions of 71.21 °C and with 91.58% of ethanol. The yields values varied from 16.82 to 25.16%, total carotenoids from 23.38 to 1056.59 µg ß-carotene equivalent g-1, total phenolic content from 143.37 to 172.02 mg Gallic acid equivalent g-1, DPPH from 31.04 to 48.62 µg.mL-1, and ABTS from 1.87 to 2.70 mmol TEAC. g-1. Therefore, considering the lack of studies about buriti shell, the present work provides valuable results that confirm the PLE relevance to enhance the value of this neglected material.

May the superfruit red guava and its processing waste be a potential ingredient in functional foods?

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a popular fruit in tropical countries, can be consumed in natura or transformed into many products. Guava's processing waste (seed, peel, and pulp leftovers) can represent up to 30% of the fruit's volume. Evidence indicates that this fraction still holds a significant amount of antioxidant substances, such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition (total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols, and condensed tannins), phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, modified DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of guava's pulp and waste extracts (GPE and GWE) obtained from guava's pulp and waste powders (GPP and GWP). The extraction was performed using a probe-type ultrasound for 2 min at 25 °C, using ethanol:water (30:70, v/v) as the solvent (15 mL for 1 g of sample). The phenolic profile of guava's powders and extracts was performed by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. GPE showed the highest concentration of total phenolics (2348.3 mg GAE 100 g-1 by Folin-Ciocalteu and 518.00 mg GAE 100 g-1 by Prussian Blue), and the greater in vitro antioxidant activity among all the assays tested. On the other hand, GWE was found to hold a higher amount of flavonoids (1006.08 mg QE 100 g-1), flavonols (352.59 mg QE 100 g-1), and condensed tannins (1466.9 mg g-1). Overall, 37 phenolic compounds were identified among all the samples, with 14 compounds being reported for the first time for red guava. Ellagic acid was the major phenolic present in all samples. The results showed that guava's pulp and waste are a rich source of phenolics compounds and may be used as an ingredient for the development of functional foods.

Characterization of vegetable fiber and its use in chicken burger formulation.

ABSTRACT: Vegetable fibers have been used lately as ingredients in popular meat products in order to increase its nutritional value. The objective of this study was the physical-chemical characterization of six vegetable fibers in order to apply them in chicken burger formulations as animal fat substitutes. The studied fibers showed moisture content below 14 %, low content of fat, protein and ash, and high levels of carbohydrates. The oat, wheat and bamboo fibers showed the highest content of total dietary fiber. All fibers presented good results of technological characterization, but bamboo, pea and wheat fibers showed the best hygroscopic property results, good emulsifying stability, and color compatible for application in meat products. The use of vegetable fibers in chicken burgers resulted in lower or equal hardness values when the experiments were compared to the control sample. Most samples showed elasticity, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and chewiness values significantly equal to the control sample. The sensory analysis results indicated that all samples had good acceptability. The use of vegetable fibers in chicken burgers proved to be a promising alternative for food manufacturers to combine products deemed unhealthy with functional ingredients that are more appealing for consumers.

Study of banana (Musa aaa Cavendish cv Nanica) trigger ripening for small scale process

The present work focuse on the impact of O2, CO2 and ethylene concentrations on ripening rate control of bananas as a contribution for the development of domestic equipments that could allow the user to drive the fruit shelf live. It represented the adjustment of metabolic activity rates in order to manage the maturity process. Ripening variables such as ethylene and CO2 concentrations and temperature were adjusted to accelerate or slow down the process, while the maturity degree was monitored through the physical and chemical parameters and sensorial analysis. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of these parameters to manage the banana ripening. The optimum temperature was at 25 ºC of storage. The presence of oxygen, CO2 withdraws and ethylene injection were relevant for the ripening process. The "ready-to-eat" quality was achieved in 6 days in confined system. The use of ethylene as trigger was adequate to accelerate the ripening process with advantages in fruit color.

O presente trabalho foca no impacto da concentração de O2, CO2 e etileno no controle da taxa de amadurecimento de bananas, como contribuição para o desenvolvimento de equipamentos domésticos que permitam o controle pelo próprio usuário da vida de prateleira de frutas. Isto representa o ajuste das atividades metabólicas para garantir o controle do amadurecimento. Variáveis como concentração de etileno e CO2 e temperatura foram ajustadas para acelerar ou reduzir o processo, enquanto que o grau de maturação foi monitorado através de parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência destes parâmetros para controlar o amadurecimento de banana. A temperatura ótima de amadurecimento foi 25ºC. A presença de O2, a retirada de CO2 e a injeção de etileno foram relevantes no processo. A qualidade "pronto-para-consumo" foi obtida em 6 dias em sistema confinado. O uso de etileno como gatilho é adequado para acelerar o amadurecimento, com vantagens para a cor do produto.