mebipred: identifying metal-binding potential in protein sequence.

MOTIVATION: metal-binding proteins have a central role in maintaining life processes. Nearly one-third of known protein structures contain metal ions that are used for a variety of needs, such as catalysis, DNA/RNA binding, protein structure stability, etc. Identifying metal-binding proteins is thus crucial for understanding the mechanisms of cellular activity. However, experimental annotation of protein metal-binding potential is severely lacking, while computational techniques are often imprecise and of limited applicability. RESULTS: we developed a novel machine learning-based method, mebipred, for identifying metal-binding proteins from sequence-derived features. This method is over 80% accurate in recognizing proteins that bind metal ion-containing ligands; the specific identity of 11 ubiquitously present metal ions can also be annotated. mebipred is reference-free, i.e. no sequence alignments are involved, and is thus faster than alignment-based methods; it is also more accurate than other sequence-based prediction methods. Additionally, mebipred can identify protein metal-binding capabilities from short sequence stretches, e.g. translated sequencing reads, and, thus, may be useful for the annotation of metal requirements of metagenomic samples. We performed an analysis of available microbiome data and found that ocean, hot spring sediments and soil microbiomes use a more diverse set of metals than human host-related ones. For human microbiomes, physiological conditions explain the observed metal preferences. Similarly, subtle changes in ocean sample ion concentration affect the abundance of relevant metal-binding proteins. These results highlight mebipred's utility in analyzing microbiome metal requirements. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: mebipred is available as a web server at services.bromberglab.org/mebipred and as a standalone package at https://pypi.org/project/mymetal/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Distinctive cognate sequence discrimination, bound DNA conformation, and binding modes in the E2 C-terminal domains from prototype human and bovine papillomaviruses.

The C-terminal DNA binding domain of the E2 protein is involved in transcriptional regulation and DNA replication in papillomaviruses. At low ionic strength, the domain has a tendency to form aggregates, a process readily reversible by the addition of salt. While fluorescence anisotropy measurements show a 1:1 stoichiometry at pH 5.5, we observed that a second HPV-16 E2 C-terminal dimer can bind per DNA site at pH 7.0. This was confirmed by displacement of bis-ANS binding, tryptophan fluorescence, native electrophoresis, and circular dichroism. The two binding events are nonequivalent, with a high-affinity binding involving one E2C dimer per DNA molecule with a K(D) of 0.18 +/- 0.02 nM and a lower affinity binding mode of 2.0 +/- 0.2 nM. The bovine (BPV-1) E2 C-terminal domain binds to an HPV-16 E2 site with 350-fold lower affinity than the human cognate domain and binds 7-fold less tightly even to a bovine-derived DNA site. The ability to discriminate between cognate and noncognate sequences is 50-fold higher for the human domain, and the latter is 180-fold better than the bovine at discriminating specific from nonspecific DNA. A substantial conformational change in bound DNA is observed by near-UV circular dichroism. The bovine domain imposes a different DNA conformation than that caused by the human counterpart, which could be explained by a more pronounced bent. Structure-function differences and biochemical properties of the complexes depend on the protein domain rather than on the DNA, in line with crystallographic evidence. Despite the strong sequence homology and overall folding topology, the differences observed may explain the distinctive transcriptional regulation in bovine and human viruses.

Expression and biochemical characterisation of recombinant AceA, a bacterial alpha-mannosyltransferase.

Biosynthesis of repeat-unit polysaccharides and N-linked glycans proceeds by sequential transfer of sugars from the appropriate sugar donor to an activated lipid carrier. The transfer of each sugar is catalysed by a specific glycosyltransferase. The molecular basis of the specificity of sugar addition is not yet well understood, mainly because of the difficulty of isolating these proteins. In this study, the aceA gene product expressed by Acetobacter xylinum, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide acetan, was overproduced in Escherichia coli and its function was characterised. The aceA ORF was subcloned into the expression vector pET29 in frame with the S.tag epitope. The recombinant protein was identified, and culture conditions were optimised for production of the soluble protein. The results of test reactions showed that AceA is able to transfer one alpha-mannose residue from GDP-mannose to cellobiose-P-P-lipid to produce alpha-mannose-cellobiose-P-P-lipid. AceA was not able to use free cellobiose as a substrate, indicating that the pyrophosphate-lipid moiety is needed for enzymatic activity.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum mutants: effects on xanthan biosynthesis and plant virulence.

Xanthan is an industrially important exopolysaccharide produced by the phytopathogenic, gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It is composed of polymerized pentasaccharide repeating units which are assembled by the sequential addition of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose on a polyprenol phosphate carrier (L. Ielpi, R. O. Couso, and M. A. Dankert, J. Bacteriol. 175:2490-2500, 1993). A cluster of 12 genes in a region designated xpsI or gum has been suggested to encode proteins involved in the synthesis and polymerization of the lipid intermediate. However, no experimental evidence supporting this suggestion has been published. In this work, from the biochemical analysis of a defined set of X. campestris gum mutants, we report experimental data for assigning functions to the products of the gum genes. We also show that the first step in the assembly of the lipid-linked intermediate is severely affected by the combination of certain gum and non-gum mutations. In addition, we provide evidence that the C-terminal domain of the gumD gene product is sufficient for its glucosyl-1-phosphate transferase activity. Finally, we found that alterations in the later stages of xanthan biosynthesis reduce the aggressiveness of X. campestris against the plant.