A Series of Discrete Dichloride Dihydrates: Characterisation and Symmetry Effects.

A series of three discrete dichloride dihydrates [Cl2 (H2 O)2 ]2- have been isolated with different triaminocyclopropenium (TAC) cations and with different crystallographic symmetries. The cluster exhibits D2h symmetry with the tris(dimethylamino)cyclopropenium cation [C3 (NMe2 )3 ]+ , C2h symmetry with the fluorinated cation [C3 (N(CH2 CF3 )2 )(NBu2 )2 ]+ (containing two 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl substituents) and C2v symmetry with the more fluorinated [C3 (N(CH2 CF3 )2 )2 (NBu2 )]+ cation. The effect of symmetry on the infrared spectra of the dichloride ion-pair clusters, as well as deuterated analogues, has been investigated. The D2h - and C2h -symmetric clusters each exhibit two stretching bands in the infrared at 3427 and 3368 cm-1 for D2h symmetry and 3444 and 3392 cm-1 for C2h symmetry, whereas the C2v -symmetric cluster exhibits three bands at 3475, 3426 and 3373 cm-1 . Computational studies were carried out on a [Cl2 (H2 O)2 ]2- cluster with C2v symmetry to aid the infrared band assignments.

A Discrete Dichloride Tetrahydrate Trapped by a Cyclopropenium Cation: Structure and Spectroscopic Properties.

A discrete dichloride tetrahydrate cluster, [Cl2 (H2 O)4 ]2- , was obtained as a salt of the bis(diphenylamino)diethylamino cyclopropenium cation [C3 (NPh2 )2 (NEt2 )]+ and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. This chloride-chloride ion-pair cluster consists of a [Cl2 (H2 O)2 ]2- square with opposite edges bridged by water molecules to give a chair-like structure of the non-hydrogen atoms. The solid-state structure is essentially the same as the calculated gas-phase structure. Infrared spectra were also collected on the deuterium analogue [Cl2 (D2 O)4 ]2- . Computational studies were carried out on gas-phase [Cl2 (H2 O)4 ]2- to confirm the infrared band assignments in the solid state. The structure and infrared spectrum are consistent with the discrete nature of the cluster.

Insuficiencia cardiaca en una unidad de medicina interna en Aragón / Heart failure in an internal medicine unit in Aragón

Introducción y objetivos: La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un motivo frecuente de ingreso en los Servicios de Medicina Interna. En este estudio analizamod las características epidemiológicas, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento de los pacientes con IC ingresados en un Servicio de Medicina Interna. Métodos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados en una Unidad de Medicina Interna a lo largo de un año y se seleccionaron aquellos pacientes con diagnóstico de IC. Resultados. Las características epidemiológicas de este grupo fueron similares a las de otros pacientes ingresados en otros servicios de Medicina Interna de nuestro entorno, destacando la elevada edad, el predominio del sexo femenino y una importante comorbilidad asociada. Se realizó ecocardiograma en el 41,8% de los pacientes sin diagnóstico previo de IC. Aplicando técnicas de análisis multivariante no se identificaron variables que condicionarasn una menor aplicación de la ecocardiografía. La no determinación de la fracción de eyección se relacionó con una menor prescripción de inhibidores del enzima conversor de la angiotensina (IECA) (OR: 9.409, p<0,01). No se encontraron diferencias en el tratamiento con IECA y beta bloqueantes en función de la edad, sexo o etiología de la IC. La edad se asoció con una menor prescripción de tratamiento anticoagulante en pacientes con fibrilación auricular (OR 1.27; p<0,01). Los pacientes de edad elevada permanecieron menos días ingresados que aquellos más jóvenes (p<0,05). Conclusión. Se objetivo una infrautilización de la ecocardiografía así como una baja prescripción de IECA. Lo diferente de las características de estos pacientes con respecto a los que participan en los ensayos clínicos hacen que las conclusiones de estos sean difíciles de llevar a la práctica diaria

Background and objetives. Heart failure (HF) is an important cause of admission at Internat Medicine Units. In this survey we asses the epidemiological features and management of patients with heart failure in an Internal Medicine Unit. Methods. We reviewed medical records of patients admitted at Internal Medicine Unit for a year and we selected patients with diagnosis of HF. Results. Epidemiological features in this group were similar to patients admitted in others Internal Medicine Units in our country. High age, sex female predominance and Associated diseases were more noteworthy features. Echocardiogram was performed in 41.8% of patients without previous diagnosis of heart failure. Multivariate analysis did not found features that to explain a less application of echocardiography. In patients without echocardiography, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prescription was less than patients in who echocardiography was performed (OR: 9.409, p<0,01). Age, sex or etiology of HF were not associated with a significantly different prescription of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers. Age was associated with no anticoagulant prescription in patients with atrial fibrillation (OR 1.27; p<0,01). Elderly patients were discharged earlier than young patients (p<0.05). Conclusion. Under utilization of echocardiography and poor prescription of ACE inhibitors were verified. This fact result in a Epidemiological features of these patients are different than ones in patients included in clinical trials. Thus, their conclusions are difficult to apply in diary clinical practice