Flight radius and climatic conditions affect the external activity of stingless bee Melipona rufiventris (Lepeletier, 1836).

The objective of this study was to verify the flight radius and the influence of the climatic season and period of the day on the external activity of Melipona rufiventris bees. The forager bees were released at different distances to evaluate the flight radius. The following were considered for external activities in the four different seasons of the year (Winter, Autumn, Spring, Summer): the entry with no apparent load was considered as nectar/water, entry with defined and opaque mass in the corbicula was considered as pollen, the entry with undefined and shiny mass in the corbicula was considered as resin/clay or bee exit no load and removal of debris, mass trapped by the jaws. Assessments were performed between 6 am and 6 pm each month. M. rufiventris can reach distances of 2 500 meters, however the return decreases as the distance increases. The species performs all activities in and out of the colony during all seasons of the year and periods between 6 am and 6 pm but reduce nectar/water collection and exit from the box without apparent load and with debris between 6:00 am and 10 am in winter. It is concluded that distances greater than 1 500 meters hinder the external activity of bees which is influenced by air temperature, air humidity, time of day, season of the year and food availability.

Use of extra-oral scanner for the study of arch form in a sample of Italian adolescents with ideal occlusion.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shape and the average size of the maxillary and mandibular arch in an Italian adolescents' sample with correct occlusion, using the digital technology. The study sample was composed, after the use of an extra-oral scanner and after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, by the digitized dental casts of 79 Italian adolescents (39 females and 40 males), aged 14±1 years, with correct occlusion. On each model, both upper and lower, the reference points of the dental arches (FA), of the alveolar bone (WALA ridges) and of the incisal edge of the central incisors were identified. With these points, using a software, fourteen parameters were evaluated for each cast: basal and dental intermolar and inter-canine width, basal and dental molar and canine depth, basal and dental molar and canine ratio, overjet, overbite. Finally, the shape of the arches was assessed, dividing it into ovoid, triangular or square. Chi-square test and Student's T-test for each parameter were adopted with a p<0,05 significance level. The results showed that the ovoid form was the most frequent, followed by the triangular one for the upper arch and by the rectangular one for the lower arch. On the canine level, both upper and lower, both for dental and for basal references, the triangular shape showed the lowest width and ratio values and the highest depth values in comparison with the other two groups. The square one showed the opposite situation, and the ovoid one presented in the intermediate value. On the molar level the trend is quite similar to the canine one. The results obtained maybe suggest that on a significant percentage of the patients of the sample is expected to use a preformed ovoid arch wire, and the data found could be useful to study the adequacy of the arch wires currently on the market or to design new ones. .

GPR55 signalling promotes proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and tumour growth in mice, and its inhibition increases effects of gemcitabine.

The life expectancy for pancreatic cancer patients has seen no substantial changes in the last 40 years as very few and mostly just palliative treatments are available. As the five years survival rate remains around 5%, the identification of novel pharmacological targets and development of new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR55, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, reduces pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and we propose that this may represent a novel strategy to inhibit pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression. Specifically, we show that genetic ablation of Gpr55 in the KRASWT/G12D/TP53WT/R172H/Pdx1-Cre+/+ (KPC) mouse model of PDAC significantly prolonged survival. Importantly, KPC mice treated with a combination of the GPR55 antagonist Cannabidiol (CBD) and gemcitabine (GEM, one of the most used drugs to treat PDAC), survived nearly three times longer compared to mice treated with vehicle or GEM alone. Mechanistically, knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of GPR55 reduced anchorage-dependent and independent growth, cell cycle progression, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling and protein levels of ribonucleotide reductases in PDAC cells. Consistent with this, genetic ablation of Gpr55 reduced proliferation of tumour cells, MAPK signalling and ribonucleotide reductase M1 levels in KPC mice. Combination of CBD and GEM inhibited tumour cell proliferation in KPC mice and it opposed mechanisms involved in development of resistance to GEM in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that the tumour suppressor p53 regulates GPR55 protein expression through modulation of the microRNA miR34b-3p. Our results demonstrate the important role played by GPR55 downstream of p53 in PDAC progression. Moreover our data indicate that combination of CBD and GEM, both currently approved for medical use, might be tested in clinical trials as a novel promising treatment to improve PDAC patients' outcome.

The Two by Four appliance: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate how widespread is the use of the 2 x 4 appliance among Italian general dentists and specialists in orthodontics, as well as the type of treatment employed and length of use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey from July 14, 2016 to January 12, 2017 using an online questionnaire of 8 multiple choice questions, created by the SurveyMonkey® Company, on a population of Italian dentists and specialists in orthodontics affiliated with the Italian Society of Paediatric Dentistry (SIOI). This was made to assess how many clinicians knew and used this device in their clinical practice. We included 200 Italian dentists, 99 specialists in orthodontics and 101 general dentists of a mean age of 45 ± 15 years. RESULTS: Results show that 93.94% of orthodontists have knowledge of and use this device in their clinical practice, while only 51.49% of the general dentists have knowledge of and use it (p<0.001). The 51.92% of dentists and the 52.13% of orthodontists used the 2x4 appliance to treat both space management and incorrect overjet. Most of general dentists and orthodontists combined the 2x4 appliance with pre-adjusted brackets and accessory components such as coil springs and power chains. While most of dentists (45.90%) used the 2x4 in association with appliances for space management, most of specialists (46.15%) applied the 2×4 in combination with both appliances for space management and high-pull headgear. Statistically significant differences were found also for the answers to the question "what is the average time of treatment?" among general dentists: the 32.79% used the 2 x 4 for less than 6 months of treatment, and the 67.21% used the 2 x 4 for more than 6 months of treatment. On the other hand 49.46% of orthodontists used the 2 x 4 for less than 6 months of treatment, and 50.54% of them for more than 6 months of treatment (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the 2 x 4 appliance is widespread among orthodontists and about half of the general dentists, 93.94% and 51.49% (p<0.001) respectively. We found that 67.21% of general dentists used the 2 x 4 for a more than 6 months of treatment. As far as the orthodontists, 49.46% used the device for less than 6 months of treatment and 50.54% of them for more than 6 months of treatment. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.041).

Prevalence of occlusal traits and orthodontic treatment need in 14 year-old adolescents in Northeast Italy.

AIM: Studies on prevalence of malocclusion support the planning and provision of public dental services. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and occlusal traits in adolescents aged 14 years from public secondary schools in the area of Health District n.15 - Veneto region, Italy. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Out of a randomly selected sample of 1187 subjects, 444 adolescents (55% males, 45% females) were evaluated in the school settings according to the criteria adopted by Brunelle et al. [1996]. Alginate impressions were then taken for 380 students together with a wax bite. The occlusal traits of the cast were analysed and IOTN was established. RESULTS: The most common occlusal traits measured on casts were overjet >3 mm (48%), overbite >3 mm (39%), midline misalignment (32%), crowding (30%), 99% of the sample showed at least one occlusal trait. Class I molar relationship prevailed (75.5%) and the prevalence of molar asymmetries was 21.9%. The prevalence of anterior and posterior crossbite and open bite was significantly higher in females, while the mean values of overjet and overbite were higher in males. The distribution of IOTN in the study population showed that only 49.5% had no or little need of treatment, and more than one third (35.8%) were assigned a 4 or 5 score. STATISTICS: Descriptive statistics are expressed as a percentage (± confidence interval) or mean ± standard deviation, according to the nature of the variable. CONCLUSIONS: These outcomes indicate a high prevalence of the aforementioned occlusal traits and also a high need for orthodontic treatment among adolescents in Northeast Italy.

Prevalence of cross-bite in a sample of Italian preschoolers.

AIM: To clinically evaluate the prevalence of cross-bite in a sample of 1960 children in our Local Health Unit n. 15 Alta Padovana (Veneto region, Northeast Italy). METHODS: Study design: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the area of Health District n. 15, Veneto region, including 7,364 children from 3 to 5 years, attending a total of 88 nursery schools A convenience sample of 27 nursery schools (30% of total) was randomly selected, for a total of 2,603 eligible children; of these, 1960 children formed our study base (76%). The day of examination 566 children were absent and 77 did not meet the inclusion criteria by age (less than 3 or more than 5 years old). Anterior cross-bite was considered when one or more primary or permanent mandibular incisors occluded labially to their antagonists. Posterior cross-bite (uni- or bilateral) was considered when the buccal cusps of one or more maxillary teeth was lingual to the buccal cusps of the mandibular teeth of the primary dentition. In this definition, edge to edge occlusion is not regarded as cross-bite. The examination was carried out by two calibrated dentists with children sitting on a dental chair with good operative lighting. The data were recorded in a special clinical chart. RESULTS: The prevalence of cross-bite was 3.7%. We observed a slight prevalence of cross-bite in females, but with no overall statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cross-bite in this area was low compared with European and American data.

A population of 1136 HPV DNA-HR positive women: expression of p16(INK4a)/Ki67 Dual-Stain Cytology and cytological diagnosis. Histological correlations and cytological follow up.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate, in a selected HR-HPV positive population, the clinical performance of the p16/ki67 immunostaining in all the cytological diagnoses, as a reflex test of triage HPV-cytology, and assess the usefulness of p16/ki67-staining to classify CIN1 according to its risk of progression/regression in order to plan a personalized follow-up. METHODS: Our analysis was in consecutive cases of 1136 women aged 25-64 years, asymptomatic, HR-HPV DNA HC2 tested positive in a HPV-screening program, from February to December 2011. All the women had a cervical sample, in the Thin Prep, used for cytological diagnosis and for pI6/Ki67 dual- staining. Histological correlations were 442. We studied the follow-up of two years of 387 cases, especially the biological behaviour of 316 low-grade lesions. RESULTS: pI6/Ki67 dual-staining increases the VPP CIN2+ and NPV CIN2+, especially in atrophy/dystrophy, in ASC-US and LSIL. In follow-up of 387 cases, 71 CIN2+ and 316 CIN1, 69 CIN2+, after surgical treatment, had a negative follow up; two cases of CIN2 (p16/ki67-) without invasive treatments, had a spontaneous regression. Among the 316 CIN1, progression was observed in 10 women (4 pI6/Ki67 + and 6 pI6/Ki67 -); regression in 260 women (64 p16/Ki67 + and 196 p16/Ki67-); 46 women had a persistent LSIL (9 pI6/Ki67 + and 37 p16/Ki67-). It seems no significant differences in the biological behaviour in relation to the expression of the two biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: pI6/Ki67 immunostaining increases sensitivity of cytology in some diagnostic categories. After follow up of two years, a personalized and adequate treatment does not seem still possible. Further studies and trials are required to improve the management of the cervical lesions in HPV-based screening strategies.

The Italian perspective on fluoride intake in children and adolescents.

AIM: This paper represents the outcome of the meetings of the Committee composed by Pedodontists (SIOI - Italian Society of Paediatric Dentistry) and Paediatricians (FIMP - Italian Association of Paediatricians) with the aim to share an evidence- based common approach in caries prevention during childhood and adolescence. The most important topic was an update on fluoride administration methods in order to minimise the risk of fluorosis and maximise its caries-preventive effect. CONCLUSION: The conclusions of this work are exposed in a synoptic table.

Dental caries is associated with dental fear in childhood: findings from a birth cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental fear in preschool children and to estimate its association with maternal and children characteristics. METHODS: The study was nested in a population-based birth cohort from Pelotas, Brazil, started in 2004. A sample of 1,129 children aged 5 years was dentally examined, and their mothers were interviewed. Dental fear was investigated using a validated instrument through the question 'Do you think that your child is afraid of going to the dentist?'. The possible answers were (1) 'no', (2) 'yes, a little', (3) 'yes' and (4) 'yes, a lot'. The outcome was dichotomized as 'children without dental fear' (answers 1 and 2) and 'children with dental fear' (answers 3 and 4). Exploratory variables included demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, maternal oral health status and maternal behaviors. The main explanatory variables were caries and dental pain. Data were analyzed using multivariable Poisson regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fear was 16.8% (95% confidence interval 14.6-19.0). Multivariate analysis showed that the lower the family income at birth and the higher the severity of dental caries, the higher the prevalence of dental fear. Children who never visited the dentist and those who frequently experienced dental pain were positively associated with higher dental fear prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of dental caries and dental pain were associated with dental fear regardless of socioeconomic origin and lack of dental service use in childhood.

Public community orthodontics in Italy. Description of an experience.

AIM: To assess the reliability and simplicity of a method chosen for selecting subjects to be treated in the orthodontic system and for the acceptance of the method by the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 490 orthodontic patients received full dental examination. For each patient a table was prepared for the detection of malocclusion in which the occlusal characteristics according to the Norwegian Orthodontic Treatment Index (NOTI), the molar class and the teeth present were recorded. The parents of the examined children completed a questionnaire aimed at identifying their social ranking. In the same questionnaire, how many siblings the patient had was also asked. Each of the three parameters were rated alphanumerically and a score of 1 was given to each child; the sum of three scores gave the final result for the subject. Acceptance of the procedure in the general community was evaluated by the number of complaints received by the Public Relations Office (URP). RESULTS: The social classes most represented in the sample are "blue collar class" (42.2%) and "white collar class" (35.6%). There was an average of 2.1 children per family (SD=0.6). The distribution of the type and grading of the treatment need was similar throughout the different social classes. CONCLUSION: The chosen method proved reliable for two reasons: no complaints with the local URP and ease of application of the selected criteria.

Airborne olive pollen counts are not representative of exposure to the major olive allergen Ole e 1.

Pollen is routinely monitored, but it is unknown whether pollen counts represent allergen exposure. We therefore simultaneously determined olive pollen and Ole e 1 in ambient air in Córdoba, Spain, and Évora, Portugal, using Hirst-type traps for pollen and high-volume cascade impactors for allergen. Pollen from different days released 12-fold different amounts of Ole e 1 per pollen (both locations P < 0.001). Average allergen release from pollen (pollen potency) was much higher in Córdoba (3.9 pg Ole e 1/pollen) than in Évora (0.8 pg Ole e 1/pollen, P = 0.004). Indeed, yearly olive pollen counts in Córdoba were 2.4 times higher than in Évora, but Ole e 1 concentrations were 7.6 times higher. When modeling the origin of the pollen, >40% of Ole e 1 exposure in Évora was explained by high-potency pollen originating from the south of Spain. Thus, olive pollen can vary substantially in allergen release, even though they are morphologically identical.

Prevention of accidental exposure in radiotherapy: the risk matrix approach.

Knowledge and lessons from past accidental exposures in radiotherapy are very helpful in finding safety provisions to prevent recurrence. Disseminating lessons is necessary but not sufficient. There may be additional latent risks for other accidental exposures, which have not been reported or have not occurred, but are possible and may occur in the future if not identified, analyzed, and prevented by safety provisions. Proactive methods are available for anticipating and quantifying risk from potential event sequences. In this work, proactive methods, successfully used in industry, have been adapted and used in radiotherapy. Risk matrix is a tool that can be used in individual hospitals to classify event sequences in levels of risk. As with any anticipative method, the risk matrix involves a systematic search for potential risks; that is, any situation that can cause an accidental exposure. The method contributes new insights: The application of the risk matrix approach has identified that another group of less catastrophic but still severe single-patient events may have a higher probability, resulting in higher risk. The use of the risk matrix approach for safety assessment in individual hospitals would provide an opportunity for self-evaluation and managing the safety measures that are most suitable to the hospital's own conditions.

Age limit for infiltration anaesthesia for the conservative treatment of mandibular first molars. A clinical study on a paediatric population.

AIM: The aims of this study were to assess the age limit for infiltration anaesthesia as an effective technique in treating carious lesions of first permanent molars in the paediatric age and if differences exist between males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 51 teeth from 48 different patients aged between 6 and 14 years were included in the study. The anaesthetic solution used was 1.8 ml of 2% mepivacaine with 1:100000 epinephrine. The effectiveness of anaesthesia was assessed by electrical pulp test after 3, 5, 7 and 10 minutes. RESULTS: In 56.9% of the treated cases a single mandibular infiltration was sufficient to induce complete pulpal anaesthesia of the tooth to be treated. Under 10 years of age, the infiltration technique was effective in 85.2% of cases. The success rate of anaesthesia also decreased significantly and not linearly in function of age. The success of infiltration anaesthesia was not related to gender. CONCLUSION: Mandibular infiltration anaesthesia is a successful technique for most patients under 10 years (success rate: 85.2%) especially for the younger ones, with no differences between males and females. After this age that success rate dramatically drops.

A rare case of unerupted second deciduous molar located inferior to the second premolar: case report.

AIM: Tooth eruption is defined as the movement of a tooth from its site of development within the alveolar process to its functional position in the oral cavity [Massler et al., 1941]. The process of tooth eruption can be divided into different phases: pre-eruptive bone stage, alveolar bone stage, mucosal stage, preocclusal stage, occlusal stage and maturation stage [Andreasen et al., 1997]. Any disturbance in these phases can lead to eruptive anomalies. The incidence of unerupted teeth is usually higher among permanent teeth than among deciduous ones [Walker et al., 2004; Otsuka et al., 2001; Amir et al., 1982; Broadway, 1976; Pinborg et al., 1970]. Of the primary teeth reported as unerupted, second primary molars are the teeth most frequently involved [Walker et al., 2004; Otsuka et al., 2001; Bianchi et al., 1991; Ranta et al., 1988; Tsukamoto et al., 1986; Amir et al., 1982], followed by primary central incisors [Otsuka et al., 2001]. CASE REPORT: This paper presents a case of inversion of the intraosseous position of a second unerupted deciduous molar and the succedaneous second premolar.

Experimental evaluation of two methodologies for the restoration of crown fracture in permanent anterior teeth.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare, by means of mechanical tests, the resistance of two types of dental restoration in the uncomplicated crown fracture of human permanent maxillary central incisor: rebonding of the fractured tooth fragment and application of ceramic veneers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty human maxillary central incisors were divided into three groups of ten teeth each. The teeth of the first group (Group A) were kept intact and used as controls, while the remaining teeth were sectioned, in order to simulate a crown fracture, and restored respectively with either the rebonding of the fragment (Group B) or with the use of ceramic veneers (Group C). All samples underwent mechanical tests by means of a universal test machine. RESULTS: The mean resistance to fracture recorded is respectively 425.2N for Group A, 233.3N for Group B, and 347.3N for Group C. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrates statistical significance for at least one couple of values (Group B compared to Group A). The group of restorations with rebonding of fractured fragments has a mean value of resistance to fracture that is lower than both intact teeth and teeth restored with ceramic veneers. The resistance of teeth with rebonded restorations is 54.9% of that of, intact teeth, and resistance increases for teeth restored with ceramic veneers (81.8% of that of intact teeth). CONCLUSION: Ceramic veneers showed a higher resistance than rebonding and resulted to be more reliable in case of further trauma.

Caries experience in 14-year-olds from Northeast Italy. Is socioeconomic-status (SES) still a risk factor?

AIM: Prevalence and severity of dental caries in 14-year-olds of Northeast Italy were estimated, evaluating the dependence to SES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An epidemiological survey was performed among a randomised cluster sample of 560 (290 M and 270 F) 14-year-olds attending secondary schools, to evaluate DMFS following WHO indications. Association between caries occurrence and SES was evaluated in a logistic regression model. To account for high proportion of zero scores (DMFS and DS distribution highly positively skewed) data was moreover modelled with negative binomial regression and zero-inflated models. RESULTS: Caries prevalence was 63.4% with a mean DMFS of 3.0 ± 3.8. A significant trend between means was observed regarding DS in the different SES levels: z = 2.22 p = 0.03 (occupational level) and z = 3.45 p<0.01 when SES was based on educational level. The Negative Binomial Regression model resulted more appropriate than the Poisson model because the dispersion parameter was significantly different from zero (alpha=1.5, 95% CI=1.3-1.8). Working class status showed significant association with DMFS (p=0.04) while using DS as dependent variable, working class subjects and subjects with medium-low and low educational level, showed a statistically significant association. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status is still a predictor for dental decay in the Italian 14-year-olds.

Social differences in tooth decay occurrence in a sample of children aged 3 to 5 in north-east Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the occurrence of tooth decay with a social class indicator (occupational level) and the immigrant status in a sample of pre-school children in Veneto region. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. CLINICAL SETTING: Twenty nursery schools in the area of Health District n.15. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,410 children aged 3 to 5 years old visited between September 2005-May 2006. OUTCOMES: Occurrence of dental caries into dentine threshold was made visually and confirmed with a probe when necessary by two calibrated examiners. Information on immigrant status and occupational level of parents was obtained by a questionnaire. Children were categorized as immigrant or non-immigrant on the basis of their mother's country of origin. Means and standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables; for categorical variables the results were provided as proportions. Comparisons between groups were made using Pearson chi-square test. The association between caries occurrence and the independent variables gender, age, immigrant status and family social class was evaluated by means of a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Caries occurrence was higher among children from lower social class families (1.7 +/- 3.2) than among children from higher social class (0.8 +/- 2.1). The prevalence of dental caries in immigrant preschool children was significantly higher than in indigenous ones (15% vs 40%; p = 0.000) while the severity in immigrants was almost 4 times higher (2.2 +/- 3.6 vs 0.6 +/- 1.8). CONCLUSIONS: Our data on preschoolers confirm the worldwide literature shared statement that social class as well as immigration status are determinants of oral health.

Tooth fragment reattachment through the use of a nanofilled composite resin.

AIM: The purpose of this study is to evaluate resistance to fracture with static tests of dental fragments reattached through the use of different light-curing composite resins. For this purpose 40 bovine inferior incisors were utilised, which were randomised into 4 groups; one control group and 3 experimental groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All teeth of the 3 experimental groups were sawed at 3 mm from the incisal margin, and the respective fragments were then reattached utilizing different composite resins: in group 2_EI the hybrid composite Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar Vivadent AG) was used, in group 3_ZI the hybrid composite FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE) was used, and in group 4_SN the nanofilled composite FiltekTM Supreme (3M ESPE) was used. After reattachment, on each tooth were performed a chamfer on the buccal surface and an overcontour on the lingual surface along the fracture line, which were then filled with the composite resin corresponding to the respective group. Finally, all teeth were embedded in plaster blocks, and a force was applied on the buccal surface. RESULTS: All teeth in groups 2, 3, and 4 showed a significant loss of resistance to fracture compared to the teeth of the control group (P<0.0001). Resistance to fracture of the teeth belonging to groups 2_EI and 3_ZI was 37.35% and 47.35% of that of intact teeth respectively; in group 4_SN resistance to fracture reached 60.05%. Teeth of group 2 exhibited values of resistance to fracture statistically significant from those of group 4 (P=0.024), but no difference was found between group 2 and group 3 (P=0.298). The difference in resistance between group 3 and group 4 was not statistically significant (P=0.199). CONCLUSION: Static test showed that reattachment of coronal fragments do not restore resistance to fracture to the value of intact teeth. Resistance to fracture in in vitro studies is influenced by the type of composite resin utilised.

Oral health and malocclusion in 10-to-11 years-old children in southern Italy.

AIM: This study had two main goals: the evaluation of caries experience in permanent teeth and the analysis of malocclusion prevalence. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional survey. METHODS: The sample consisted of all the 5th graders of 'Gio Leonardo di Bona', the only Public School in Cutro, a small urban area in Southern Italy (10,000 inhabitants). The clinical examination was performed by a trained dentist at the school infirmary, and no radiographs, study casts, or previous written records of the children were available. DMFS-DMFT and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) were used to fulfil the study objectives. After the examination, parents received a report on presence/absence of dental caries and possible orthodontic treatment need. Statistics All data were analysed with StatView and Stata 8.0 software. The Chi-square test was applied to compare prevalence rates. The Chi-square linearity was used to evaluate whether caries and malocclusion prevalence changed with a steady trend with reference to sex. RESULTS: The 94% (n. 97) of the whole sample gave a positive consent to the screening. The overall mean of DFS was 4.30 (4.74 SD) while the mean of DFT was 2.60 (2.03 SD). The 22.7% of the sample had DFS/T = 0. Statistically significant difference between genders according to DFS (p = 0.017) and DFT (p = 0.002) distribution was found, being females' significantly lower than males'. Using the DHC-IOTN, 51.6% of the children were assigned to the no/little need, 26.8% to borderline need and 21.6% to a great need for orthodontic treatment. There was no statistically significant difference by gender according to distribution of occlusal traits (p> 0.05), except in the anterior cross bite, being males significantly more affected (p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that oral health and orthodontic surveys performed on a higher number of patients at an early age are critical in order to enhance early treatment, thus avoiding severe malocclusions and progression of dental caries. The results of our study indicate that 21.6% of the sample had an objective orthodontic treatment need (grades 4-5 DHC-IOTN). The single Aesthetic Component (AC) score of the IOTN failed to identify orthodontic treatment needs in our sample: only 13% rated themselves as being in categories 5-10 (great aesthetic need for treatment). With reference to dental caries, males had a mean DFT (3.20) higher than the WHO's 2000 Oral Health Goal for 12-years-olds (DFT = 3) while females (DFT = 1.96) were significantly under this target. The children were advised to undergo regular examinations and to change their lifestyle habits.