High-fat diet and fructose drink introduced after weaning rats, induces a better human obesity model than very high-fat diet.

In the present study, we associated a high-fat diet (HF group: 45% kcal from lipids) or very high-fat (VHF group: 60% kcal from lipids) diet with a fructose drink (10% fructose) for hydration. Normal rat chow that received the control diet (content 16.3% kcal from lipid-AIN93G) and water. The treatments were introduced soon after weaning and were administered for 70 days. We aimed to compare HF and VHF groups and find which acts as a better model mimicking human obesity. Body mass gain, final body weight, adipocyte area in inguinal depots, visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots, serum triacylglycerol, and VLDL-c were all higher in the HF group, followed by the VHF group, compared to the C group. Only the HF group showed hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia and higher total caloric intake, Lee index, HOMA2-IR, and total cholesterol. Serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were lower in the HF and VHF groups than in the C group at the end for 70 days. In Summary, the HF (45%) diet administered with fructose induced a higher similarity of metabolic and hormonal alterations associated with human obesity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: High intake of lipids with sugary drinks has been associated with obesity and its comorbidities. Although a diet with 45% or 60% of lipids is considered hyperlipidic, they are different in their effects on eating behavior and also probably from a metabolic point of view. Common sense is that the reduction in intake of lipids is favorable to health. Our study shows that this is not wholly true, and this information contributes to the guidelines for the treatment of obesity. In addition, the scientific literature on the subject has shown the most diverse results and also the use of experimental models with few similarities with human obesity. Our findings can contribute as a good model of obesity initiated during childhood to investigate possible using nutritional strategies, or the adoption of ergogenic nutritional resources in future studies, for example.

Prevalence and factors associated with depression in the elderly: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência e fatores associados à depressão em idosos: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Depression is a psychiatric disease that causes losses in the biopsychosocial aspect of the affected individuals. The prevalence in the elderly population is significant, and identify the factors related to this outcome allows preventive measures and treatment can be early applied. Objective: Assessing the association between depression and sociodemographic and health risk factors in the elderly. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 388 elderly of both genders, aged 65 years and older, urban residents of the city of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil. A socio-demographic questionnaire, as well as a self-report of chronic diseases and lifestyle, a self-report questionnaire of functional capacity, occurrence of falls, Geriatric Depression Scale, mental state assessment, and anthropometry tests were used. The chi-square test, oddsratio (OR), and multiple logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and p<5% were used in the statistical analysis. Results: There was a predominance of women (64%) who were mulatto/caboclo/brown skin (43%) and married (45%). Depression was significantly associated with: the lowest level of education, <8 years (OR=2.15; p=0.012), partial or total dependence of instrumental activities of daily living (OR=1.85; p=0.003), having five or more diseases (OR=2.93, p=0.002), falls in the last twelve months (OR=1.90; p=0.021), and sleep (OR=2.39; p<0.001) and visual difficulties (OR=2.28; p<0.001). Conclusion: Depression in this group of elderly was associated with modifiable and preventable factors in the health of these people. Thus, the early diagnosis of risk factors associated with depression, the inclusion of social, physical and cognitive activities must be considered for their prevention. (AU)

RESUMO: Introdução: Depressão é uma doença psiquiátrica e provoca prejuízos no aspecto biopsicossocial dos indivíduos acometidos. Sua prevalência na população idosa é expressiva, a identificação dos fatores relacionados a este desfecho permitem que medidas preventivas e de tratamento sejam aplicadas precocemente. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre depressão, os fatores sociodemográficos e os riscos para a saúde em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 388 idosos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, residentes do município de Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso (MT), Brasil. Foram usados questionários sociodemográficos, instrumentos de autorrelato de doenças crônicas, de estilo de vida, ocorrência de quedas e de capacidade funcional, escala de depressão geriátrica, avaliação do estado mental e testes de antropometria. Na análise estatística utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado, odds ratio (OR) e regressão logística múltipla com intervalo de confiança de 95% e p<5%. Resultados: Encontrou-se predominância de mulheres (64%), sendo mulata/cabocla/parda (43%) e casadas (45%). A depressão foi significativamente associada com: o tercil mais baixo de educação <8 anos (OR=2,15; p=0,012); com dependência parcial ou total de atividades instrumentais da vida diária (OR=1,85; p=0,003); ter cinco ou mais doenças crônicas (OR=2,93; p=0,002), ocorrência de quedas nos últimos doze meses (OR=1,90; p=0,021); dificuldades de sono (OR=2,39; p<0,001) e visual (OR=2,28; p<0,001). Conclusão: A depressão estava associada a fatores modificáveis e que podem ser prevenidos. Desta forma, o diagnóstico precoce destes fatores de risco, a inclusão de atividades socias, físicas e cognitivas devem ser consideradas para sua prevenção. (AU)

Physical and functional aspects of persons with multiple sclerosis practicing Tai-Geiko: randomized trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the influence of Tai-Geiko on the physical and functional aspects of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This was a parallel-group, randomized trial with two arms. People with MS were allocated to an experimental group (EG) (n=10) and control group (CG) (n=09). The participants received multidisciplinary care supervised by a physiotherapist in the Tai-Geiko exercise. Participants underwent the assessments after the intervention. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS-maximum score of 6.0), strength test (kgf) using a dynamometer, Timed Up and Go mobility test (TUG), and stabilometric balance test (Platform EMG system®) were evaluated. Demographic data were recorded, including age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle and classification of MS. Clinical Trials (ReBeC): RBR-4sty47. RESULTS: The EG group improved in 12 variables, and the CG improved in 3 variables. The following values were obtained for pre/postintervention, respectively: EG: lumbar force (38/52 kgf), TUG (11/9 s), locomotion velocity (519/393 ms); double task two (53/39 s); platform stabilometric trajectory: traversed get up (39/26 s) and sit (45/29 s); anteroposterior (AP) amplitude rise (11/8 cm) and sit (12.40/9.94 cm) and anteroposterior frequency rise (1.00/1.56 Hz) and sit (0.8/1.25 Hz) (p<0.05); CG: right-hand grip force (26/29 kgf); TUG (9.8 /8.7 s) and AP (11.84 /9.53 cm) stabilometric amplitude at the sitting moment (p<0.05), (3.2/5.99 Hz, p=0.01) and sit (3.47/5.01 Hz, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Tai-Geiko practice can be suggested as complementary exercise in the rehabilitation of persons with MS.

Physical and functional aspects of persons with multiple sclerosis practicing Tai-Geiko: randomized trial

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the influence of Tai-Geiko on the physical and functional aspects of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This was a parallel-group, randomized trial with two arms. People with MS were allocated to an experimental group (EG) (n=10) and control group (CG) (n=09). The participants received multidisciplinary care supervised by a physiotherapist in the Tai-Geiko exercise. Participants underwent the assessments after the intervention. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS-maximum score of 6.0), strength test (kgf) using a dynamometer, Timed Up and Go mobility test (TUG), and stabilometric balance test (Platform EMG system®) were evaluated. Demographic data were recorded, including age, sex, comorbidities, lifestyle and classification of MS. Clinical Trials (ReBeC): RBR-4sty47. RESULTS: The EG group improved in 12 variables, and the CG improved in 3 variables. The following values were obtained for pre/postintervention, respectively: EG: lumbar force (38/52 kgf), TUG (11/9 s), locomotion velocity (519/393 ms); double task two (53/39 s); platform stabilometric trajectory: traversed get up (39/26 s) and sit (45/29 s); anteroposterior (AP) amplitude rise (11/8 cm) and sit (12.40/9.94 cm) and anteroposterior frequency rise (1.00/1.56 Hz) and sit (0.8/1.25 Hz) (p<0.05); CG: right-hand grip force (26/29 kgf); TUG (9.8 /8.7 s) and AP (11.84 /9.53 cm) stabilometric amplitude at the sitting moment (p<0.05), (3.2/5.99 Hz, p=0.01) and sit (3.47/5.01 Hz, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Tai-Geiko practice can be suggested as complementary exercise in the rehabilitation of persons with MS.

Effects of Probiotic Use on Quality of Life and Physical Activity in Constipated Female University Students: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic supplement containing two genera and five species of bacteria versus placebo on the quality of life (QoL) in female university students with intestinal constipation (IC). Design: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on female university students in a single study center. Settings/Location: Two phases of interventions were carried out, the pilot and main study. All participants were female students of Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Subjects: Female students whose ages ranged from 20 to 40 years and self-reported to be suffering from IC based on a questionnaire containing Rome III criteria were included. Interventions: Interventions occurred during a period of 30 days in the pilot phase (n = 32) and 15 days in the main study phase (n = 63). The subjects were numbered and randomly divided into experimental probiotic and placebo control groups. Therefore, neither the participants nor the researchers were aware of the allocations of the treatment groups. Outcome measures: The sociodemographic, Rome III, Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QoL) and International Physical Activity questionnaires, and anthropometric measures were utilized. The relative risk (RR) treatment effect, absolute risk reduction (ARR), RR reduction, number needed to treat (NNT), and odds ratio were calculated. Results: Improvement in the QoL (ARR = 14% and p < 0.01) and satisfaction (ARR = 44% and p < 0.01) according to the PAC-QoL questionnaire was observed in the experimental group compared with the control group. For probiotic supplementation, an NNT = 7 was obtained. This implies that for every seven constipated women treated, a worsening in the QoL is prevented in one. An NNT = 1 was obtained concerning satisfaction in the same group of women with respect to the treatment. No clinically significant observations related to the safety of the product were reported. The authors did not detect the effect of exercise intensity on the QoL of participants. Conclusion: The probiotic supplementation had a positive impact on the QoL of constipated female university students.

Physical training, UCP1 expression, mitochondrial density, and coupling in adipose tissue from women with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training may improve energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and oxidative capacities. Therefore, we hypothesized that physical training enhances white adipose tissue mitochondrial oxidative capacity from obese women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial content, and UCP1 gene expression in white adipose tissue from women with obesity before and after the physical training program. METHODS: Women (n = 14, BMI 33 ± 3 kg/m2 , 35 ± 6 years, mean ± SD) were submitted to strength and aerobic exercises (75%-90% maximum heart rate and multiple repetitions), 3 times/week during 8 weeks. All evaluated subjects were paired, before and after training for resting metabolic rate (RMR), substrate oxidation (lipid and carbohydrate) by indirect calorimeter, deuterium oxide body composition, and aerobic maximum velocity (Vmax ) test. At the beginning and at the ending of the protocol, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected to measure the mitochondrial respiration by high-resolution respirometry, mitochondrial content by citrate synthase (CS) activity, and UCP1 gene expression by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Combined physical training increased RMR, lipid oxidation, and Vmax but did not change body weight/composition. In WAT, exercise increased CS activity, decreased mitochondrial uncoupled respiration and mRNA of UCP1. RMR was positively correlated with fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: Physical training promotes an increase in mitochondrial content without changing tissue respiratory capacity, a reduction in mitochondrial uncoupling degree and UCP1 mRNA expression in WAT. Finally, it improved the resting metabolic rate, lipid oxidation and physical performance, independent of the body changing free, or fat mass in obese women.

The effects of physical activity on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in elderly people living in the community.

INTRODUCTION: Health problems may negatively affect the psychological and physical aspects of life, influencing the quality of life of older adults. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of physical activity on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the elderly population. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 200 elderly people of both genders. Subjects were divided into two groups: one with 100 senior citizens engaged in physical activities in a social center for the elderly; and another composed of 100 subjects who lived in the community but were not engaged in physical activities. The instruments used to assess physical activities, quality of life, and anxiety and depression were, respectively: the modified Baecke questionnaire; the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The data were analyzed using the Student's t test, Pearson's r, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), with odds ratio and a 5% significance level (p<0.05). RESULTS: We observed that the active group showed higher scores of physical activity and quality of life. Conversely, the sedentary group revealed higher scores of anxiety and depression. Data assessment revealed a strong correlation between the domains quality of life, level of vitality, and mental health (r=0.77). The prevalence ratio showed that physical activity is a protective factor against anxiety and depression in the elderly. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a correlation between low levels of physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the elderly living in the community.

The effects of physical activity on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in elderly people living in the community / Efeitos da atividade física sobre ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida em idosos da comunidade

Abstract Introduction: Health problems may negatively affect the psychological and physical aspects of life, influencing the quality of life of older adults. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of physical activity on quality of life, anxiety, and depression in the elderly population. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 200 elderly people of both genders. Subjects were divided into two groups: one with 100 senior citizens engaged in physical activities in a social center for the elderly; and another composed of 100 subjects who lived in the community but were not engaged in physical activities. The instruments used to assess physical activities, quality of life, and anxiety and depression were, respectively: the modified Baecke questionnaire; the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The data were analyzed using the Student's t test, Pearson's r, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), with odds ratio and a 5% significance level (p<0.05). Results: We observed that the active group showed higher scores of physical activity and quality of life. Conversely, the sedentary group revealed higher scores of anxiety and depression. Data assessment revealed a strong correlation between the domains quality of life, level of vitality, and mental health (r=0.77). The prevalence ratio showed that physical activity is a protective factor against anxiety and depression in the elderly. Conclusion: The findings suggest a correlation between low levels of physical activity and symptoms of anxiety and depression in the elderly living in the community.

Resumo Introdução: Problemas de saúde podem afetar negativamente nos aspectos físicos e psicológicos, influenciando a qualidade de vida dos idosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da atividade física sobre a qualidade de vida, ansiedade e depressão na população idosa. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 200 idosos de ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos: um grupo com 100 idosos envolvidos em atividades físicas do centro social para idosos; outro composto por 100 sujeitos que viviam na comunidade, mas não estavam envolvidos em atividades físicas. Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliação das atividades físicas, qualidade de vida, ansiedade e depressão foram, respectivamente: o questionário de Baecke modificado; o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36); e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS). Os dados foram analisados por testes t de Student, Pearson (r) e análise de variância (ANOVA), com odds ratio e nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Observamos que o grupo ativo apresentou maiores escores de atividade física e qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, o grupo sedentário revelou maiores escores de ansiedade e depressão. A avaliação dos dados revelou uma forte correlação entre os domínios qualidade de vida, nível de vitalidade e saúde mental (r=0,77). A razão de prevalência mostrou que a atividade física é fator de proteção contra ansiedade e depressão em idosos. Conclusão: Os achados sugerem uma correlação entre baixos níveis de atividade física e sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em idosos que vivem na comunidade.

Timed up and go test and self-perceived health in elderly: population-based study / Teste TUG e saúde autopercebida em idosos: estudo de base populacional

Abstract Due to the aging process, chronic diseases arise with increased use of medications and there is a need to evaluate the elderly to prevent functional dependence and falls. The aim of this study was to compare gender, sociodemographic characteristics, fall occurrences, self-reported diseases, quantity of drugs with timed up and go test (TUG) and TUG-cognitive, and to associate these factors with the self-perception of health of the elderly in the community. Were selected 513 elderly people, with 384 that completed the TUG test to evaluate the functional capacity. There was difference between the female and male, in the variables: age-group 70 to 79 years (p=0.036) ? 80 years (p=0.013); per capita income in the female ? 1 minimum wage (p=0.005) and >2 (p=0.013), falls (p=0.001), systemic hypertension (p<0.001), arthritis or rheumatism (p=0.033), depression (p=0.048), osteoporosis (p<0.001), medications 3 to 4 (p=0.008), self-perceived health (p=0.030) and in the TUG (p<0.001) and TUG-cognitive (p=0.002). The prevalence by Poisson regression Robust (RPa), the variables associated with health self-perceived: heart disease (p=0,047), stroke (p=<0,001), osteoporosis (p=0,013) and TUG motor (p=0,028). Women had more health problems, weakness and poor physical performance, indicating the need for special attention as the aging aspects. So, TUG test can be useful tool for risk evaluate of falls in the elderly living in the community.

Resumo Devido ao processo envelhecimento, surgem as doenças crônicas com aumento de uso de medicamentos e existe necessidade de avaliar os idosos para prevenir dependência funcional e quedas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as pessoas idosas por gênero, variáveis socioeconômicas, ocorrências de quedas, doenças autorrelatadas, quantidade de medicamentos, saúde autopercebida e teste Timed Up and Go (TUG). Foram selecionadas 513 pessoas idosas, com 384 que completaram o teste TUG para avaliar a capacidade funcional. Existia diferença entre gênero feminino e o masculino, nas variáveis: grupo etário de 70 a 79 anos (p=0,036) ? 80 anos (p=0,013); renda per capita no salário mínimo ? 1 feminino (p=0,005) e> 2 (p=0,013), quedas (p= 0,001), hipertensão sistêmica (p<0,001), artrite ou reumatismo (p=0,048), osteoporose (p <0,001), medicamentos de 3 a 4 (p=0,008), autopercepção de saúde (p=0,030) e no TUG (p<0,001) e TUG-cognitivo (p=0,002). A prevalência por regressão de Poisson robusta (RPa), as variáveis associadas à saúde autopercebida: doença cardíaca (p=0,047), acidente vascular cerebral (p=0,001), osteoporose (p=0,013) e motor TUG (p=0,028). As mulheres tiveram mais problemas de saúde, fraqueza e desempenho físico fraco, indicando a necessidade de atenção especial aos aspectos do envelhecimento. Assim, o teste TUG pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar o risco de quedas nos idosos que vivem na comunidade.

Prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia and dynapenia in elderly people.

OBJECTIVES: There is little information about the risk factors for sarcopenia and dynapenia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia and to verify which risk factors are associated with the elderly population. METHODS: A total of 387 elderly people were evaluated. We used a questionnaire to identify socio-demographic and behavioral aspects. For physical performance, we used the Short Physical Performance Battery. Using the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People consensus, we defined sarcopenia that includes the occurrence of low muscle mass, added to low muscle strength or low physical performance. Dynapenia was defined using handgrip strength. RESULTS: Sarcopenia and dynapenia were identified in 15.3% and 38.2% of the elderly people, respectively; 15.8% of women and 14.2% of men had sarcopenia, and 52.4% of women and 13.5% of men had dynapenia. Sarcopenia was associated with the increase in aging, white race, smoking, and risk of malnutrition. Dynapenia is more likely to occur in women and hospitalized patients. CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia had a greater association with the risk factors evaluated here, mainly with smoking and nutritional status. On the other hand, dynapenia was different, having a greater association with hospital intervention.

Correlation between muscle mass, nutritional status and physical performance of elderly people.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the relationship between the skeletal muscle mass (SMM), obtained by predictive equations, and the body composition, nutritional aspects, functionality and physical performance in elderly people. METHODS: The sample consisted of adults aged 65 years or over from the cross-sectional study of the Brazilian Elderly Frailty Study Network, in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The anthropometric parameters, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and handgrip strength (HGS) were evaluated. The SMM was estimated by 2 predictive anthropometric equations. RESULTS: Both SMM equations correlated with age, anthropometric indices, SPPB, IADL, and HGS. However, only HGS and neck circumference strongly correlated in both equations, being higher in SMM II. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that both equations are sensitive to obtain the SMM, contributing to the diagnosis of sarcopenia, nutritional status, and a physical performance condition.

Pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players.

BACKGROUND: Despite the well-documented importance of nutrition in optimizing performance and health, the dietary intake of soccer players has attracted little attention. AIM: We aimed to assess the pre-season dietary intake of professional soccer players and its adequacy in macro and micronutrients. METHODS: The pre-season dietary intake of 19 male athletes was assessed using a semi-structured 3-day food record. To determine dietary adequacy and excess, energy and macronutrient intake were compared with the Brazilian dietary reference values for athletes, and micronutrients were compared with the Estimated Average Requirement - EAR (minimum recommendation) and Tolerable Upper Intake Level - UL (maximum recommendation). RESULTS: Mean daily energy intake (40.74±12.81 kcal/kg) was adequate. However, there was a low carbohydrate intake (5.44±1.86 g/kg/day) and a high amount of protein and fat (1.91±0.75 and 1.27±0.50 g/kg/day, respectively). Sodium intake (3141.77±939.76 mg/day) was higher than UL (2300 mg/day), while the majority of players showed daily intake of vitamin A (74%), vitamin D (100%), folate (58%), calcium and magnesium (68%) below the EAR (625, 10 and 320 µg/day, 800 and 330 mg/day, respectively). CONCLUSION: The dietary intake of professional soccer players was adequate in energy, but inadequate in macro and micronutrients, which suggests the need to improve nutritional practices to sustain the physical demands of soccer during pre-season.

THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON TRAINED INDIVIDUALS SUBJECTED TO MAXIMAL TREADMILL TEST.

BACKGROUND: Intense physical training increases oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting into muscle and cellular damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of caffeine supplementation on trained young individuals subjected to two treadmill maximal tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a double-blind and crossover study comprising 24 active individuals within the age group 18-30 years. The comparisons were conducted: the effect of exercise (week 1 x 2) and caffeine intake (GC x GP) on thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) variables during pre-exercise time (30 min. after caffeine or placebo intake) and post-exercise (5 min after treadmill test). RESULTS: The comparison between weeks 1 and 2 showed increase in the first week, in the following items: TBARS, IL-6 and IL-10 in the GC and GP groups. The comparison within the same week showed that GC individuals presented lower post-exercise TBARS values in the first and second weeks; IL- 6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group in both weeks. The paired analysis comparing pre- and post-exercise, with and without caffeine showed that IL-6 presented higher post-exercise values in the GC group. CONCLUSION: Caffeine used by athletes can decrease oxidative stress. The increased IL-6 suggest that this ergogenic supplement may stimulate muscle hypertrophy, since IL-6 has myokine effect. However, the caffeine effect on IL-6 level and muscle hypertrophy increase should be better investigated in future studies.

[Not Available]. / Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes.

BACKGROUND: Many factors can influence an athlete to consume dietary supplements, such as age, sex and sports, among others. Few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors are available for athletes, especially in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 182 athletes of both sexes. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports information, current consumption of supplements, consumption of pharmacological substances and information on body image disorder (Body Shape Questionnaire) and muscle dysmorphia (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). Analyses were performed using Pearson's Chi-squared test, the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: In the bivariate analysis, the male gender, age between 25-29 years, engaging in a remunerated activity, consumption of pharmacological substances, body image disorder, risk of muscle dysmorphia, power modality athletes and lack of medical care were factors associated with supplement intake. After the regression analysis, the consumption of supplements was associated with the male gender (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01; 2.78; p = 0.044), use of pharmacological substances (PR: 1.77; 95 %: 1.37; 2.27; p < 0.001) and the risk of muscle dysmorphia (PR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37; 2.23; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research clearly demonstrate the importance of professionals working closely with athletes to continuously monitor their use of supplements, since it was an alimentary behavior associated with other risk behavior (pharmacological use) as well as image disorders (muscle dysmorphia).

Factors associated with dietary supplementation among Brazilian athletes / Factores asociados con la suplementación de la dieta entre los atletas brasileños

Background: Many factors can influence an athlete to consume dietary supplements, such as age, sex and sports, among others. Few studies regarding the prevalence and associated factors are available for athletes, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the consumption of dietary supplements among Brazilian athletes. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 182 athletes of both sexes. The athletes answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and sports information, current consumption of supplements, consumption of pharmacological substances and information on body image disorder (Body Shape Questionnaire) and muscle dysmorphia (Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale). Analyses were performed using Pearson’s Chi-squared test, the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: In the bivariate analysis, the male gender, age between 25-29 years, engaging in a remunerated activity, consumption of pharmacological substances, body image disorder, risk of muscle dysmorphia, power modality athletes and lack of medical care were factors associated with supplement intake. After the regression analysis, the consumption of supplements was associated with the male gender (PR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01; 2.78; p = 0.044), use of pharmacological substances (PR: 1.77; 95 %: 1.37; 2.27; p < 0.001) and the risk of muscle dysmorphia (PR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.37; 2.23; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this research clearly demonstrate the importance of professionals working closely with athletes to continuously monitor their use of supplements, since it was an alimentary behavior associated with other risk behavior (pharmacological use) as well as image disorders (muscle dysmorphia) (AU)

Introducción: muchos factores, tales como edad, sexo, deporte, entre otros, llevan al atleta a consumir suplementos alimenticios. Existen pocos estudios sobre prevalencia y factores asociados en atletas, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos alimenticios entre atletas brasileños. Material y métodos: se trata de un estudio de corte transversal realizado con 182 atletas de ambos sexos. Los atletas respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía información sociodemográfica y deportiva, consumo actual de suplementos, consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, y también sobre distorsión de la imagen corporal (BSQ) y dismorfia muscular (MASS). Resultados: en el análisis bivariado, el sexo masculino, la edad entre 25 a 29 años, ejercer actividad remunerada, el consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, la distorsión de la imagen corporal, el riesgo de dismorfia muscular, la modalidad de fuerza y la ausencia de asistencia médica fueron los factores asociados al consumo de suplementos. Después del análisis de regresión, el consumo de suplementos fue asociado al sexo masculino (RPA: 1,68; IC 95%: 1,01; 2,78; p = 0,044), consumo de sustancias farmacológicas (RPA: 1,77; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,27; p < 0,001) y riesgo de dismorfia muscular (RPA: 1,75; IC 95%: 1,37; 2,23; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio mostraron claramente la importancia de los profesionales que trabajan junto a los atletas para monitorizar continuamente el uso de suplementos, puesto que se trataba de un comportamiento alimentario asociado a otros comportamientos de riesgo (uso farmacológico) o a trastornos de la imagen (dismorfia muscular) (AU)

Concordância entre diferentes equações antropométricas na predição de gordura corporal em idosos / Concordance between different anthropometric equations for predicting body fat in the elderly / Concordancia entre las diferentes ecuaciones antropométricas para la predicción de la grasa corporal en personas de edad avanzada

O objetivo foi verificar a concordância entre as diferentes equações antropométricas desenvolvidas para estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal (%G) em idosos de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se 141 homens e 244 mulheres, ≥65 anos. Foram realizadas medidas de estatura, massa corporal e perímetros corporais. Nove equações baseadas em medidas antropométricas foram testadas. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação intra-classe, análise da concordância das equações e a análise gráfica de Bland e Altman. Nos homens idosos, a equação de Tran, & Weltman, utilizada como referencial, subestimou e diferiu o %G, comparada com todas as outras equações. A equação de Deurenberg, et al., contudo, demonstrou concordância de 78% e forte relação (r=0,78). Nas mulheres, superestimou-se o %G, em que apenas a equação de Visser, et al. não diferiu, tendo concordância de 92% e relação forte (r=0,85). Contudo, essas equações antropométricas que apresentaram melhores resultados, podem contribuir no acompanhamento adequado da composição corporal de idosos, sendo mais fácil e viável obterem-se as medidas para estudos populacionais. Sugere-se cautela, entretanto, em sua utilização para a estimativa do %G e futuros estudos com métodos considerados padrões-ouro para validação dessas equações nas diferentes regiões do país, devido a um maior grau de diferenciação étnica e cultural dos idosos existentes no Brasil. Inúmeros fatores de uma população, incluindo idade, raça, etnia, gênero e obesidade devem ser considerados ao selecionar uma equação de regressão para estimar %G. Além disso, existe uma necessidade de se desenvolverem modelos de regressão precisos que considerem obesidade, sexo, raça ou etnia, quando prevendo %G em uma população idosa sul-americana.

The purpose was to investigate the concordance between the different anthropometric equations for estimation of body fat percentage (BF%) in elderly men and women. Evaluated 141 men and 244 women, ≥65 years. It was held height measurements, body mass and body perimeters. Nine equations based on anthropometric measures were tested. We use coefficient of intra-class correlation, concordance analysis of the equations and graphical analysis of Bland-Altman. In older men the equation Tran & Weltman utilized as reference, underestimated and differed the %BF compared to all other equations, however, the equation of Deurenberg, et al. demonstrated 78% concordance and strong relationship (r=0.78). In older women overestimated %BF, the equation of Visser, et al. not differed and had 92% concordance and strong correlation (r=0.85). However, these anthropometric equations showed better results can ontribute in appropriate monitoring of body composition in elderly, being easier and viable to obtain measures for population studies. It is suggested, however, caution in its use for the estimation of% G and future studies with methods considered gold standards for validation of these equations in the different regions of the country, due to a greater degree of ethnic and cultural differentiation of the elderly in Brazil. Numerous factors of a population, including age, race, ethnicity, gender and obesity should be considered when selecting a regression equation to estimate% G. In addition, there is a need to develop accurate regression models that consider obesity, gender, race or ethnicity when predicting% G in an elderly South American population.

El objetivo fue investigar la concordancia entre las diferentes ecuaciones antropométricas para la estimación del porcentaje de grasa corporal (% BF) en hombres y mujeres ancianos. Se evaluaron 141 hombres y 244 mujeres, ≥65 años. Se realizaron mediciones de altura, masa corporal y perímetros corporales. Se probaron nueve ecuaciones basadas en medidas antropométricas. Utilizamos el coeficiente de correlación intra-clase, el análisis de concordancia de las ecuaciones y el análisis gráfico de Bland-Altman. En los hombres mayores, la ecuación Tran, & Weltman utilizó como referencia, subestimó y diferenció el% BF en comparación con todas las demás ecuaciones, sin embargo, la ecuación de Deurenberg, et al. Demostró 78% de concordancia y fuerte relación (r = 0,78). En las mujeres mayores sobrestimado% BF, la ecuación de Visser, et al. No difirió y tuvo concordancia del 92% y fuerte correlación (r = 0,85). Sin embargo, estas ecuaciones antropométricas mostraron mejores resultados que pueden contribuir a un monitoreo adecuado de la composición corporal en ancianos, siendo más fácil y viable obtener medidas para estudios poblacionales. Se sugiere, sin embargo, precaución en su uso para la estimación de% G y futuros estudios con métodos considerados estándares de oro para la validación de estas ecuaciones en las diferentes regiones del país, debido a un mayor grado de diferenciación étnica y cultural de los ancianos en Brasil . Se deben considerar numerosos factores de una población, incluyendo la edad, la raza, la etnia, el género y la obesidad al seleccionar una ecuación de regresión para estimar% G. Además, es necesario desarrollar modelos de regresión precisos que consideren la obesidad, el género, la raza o la etnia Al predecir% G en una población sudamericana de edad avanzada.

EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO E ENVELHECIMENTO: A PERCEPÇÃO DE IDOSAS QUANTO À IMAGEM CORPORAL / PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND AGING: THE PERCEPTION OF OLDER AS BODY IMAGE / EJERCICIO FÍSICO Y ENVEJECIMIENTO: LA PERCEPCIÓN DE MAYORES COMO LA IMAGEN CORPORAL

Objetivo: verificar a percepção da autoimagem e sua relação com a composição corporal e escala de depressão geriátrica de idosas participantes do Programa Longevidade Saudável, proposto pelo Curso de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Método: para verificar a percepção da autoimagem e da composição corporal de idosas foram empregadas: entrevistas, escala de silhuetas, bioimpedância e escala de depressão geriátrica abreviada. Resultados: apresentaram baixo nível de exercício físico praticado por semana, a insatisfação com a imagem corporal devido ao excesso de peso das idosas e a escala de silhuetas indicou a busca pela magreza. Um dado relevante foi o baixo índice de depressão na amostra pesquisada. Considerações finais: há necessidade de aumentar a frequência da prática de exercícios físicos para a melhoria da qualidade de vida, da socialização e da percepção da imagem corporal das idosas como definidores biopsicossociais e de motivação em programa de exercícios para a manutenção e a promoção da saúde e do bem-estar.

Objetive: to verify the perception of self-image and their relationship with body composition and the Geriatric Depression Scale of participants older Longevity Program Healthy, proposed by the Physical Education Course of the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Method: used to verify the perception of self-image and body composition of elderly: interviews, scale silhouettes, bioimpedance and scale abbreviated geriatric depression. Results: showed low level of exercise practiced by week, dissatisfaction with body image due to excess elderly weight and scale silhouettes indicated the quest for thinness. An important finding was the low rate of depression in the studied sample. Final considerations: need to increase the frequency of exercise practice to improve the quality of life, socialization and body image perception of the elderly as biopsychosocial defining and motivation in exercise program for the maintenance and promotion of health and well-being.

Objetivo: verificar la percepción de la propia imagen y su relación con la composición corporal y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de participantes mayores Programa de longevidad saludable, propuesto por el curso de educación física de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso. Método: se utilizó para verificar la percepción de la propia imagen y la composición corporal de las personas mayores: entrevistas, siluetas escala, bioimpedancia y la depresión geriátrica escala abreviada. Resultados: mostraron bajo nivel de ejercicio practicado por semana, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal debido al exceso de peso y de edad avanzada siluetas escala indica la búsqueda de la delgadez. Un hallazgo importante fue la baja tasa de depresión en la muestra estudiada. Consideraciones finales: hay necesidad de aumentar la frecuencia de la práctica de ejercicio para mejorar la calidad de vida, la socialización y la percepción de la imagen corporal de las personas mayores como la definición biopsicosocial y la motivación en el programa de ejercicios para el mantenimiento y promoción de la salud y el bienestar.

Reference index and reduction in physical fitness tests proposed by proesp-br

The purpose of this study was to create an unifying index of the PROESP-BR tests for school aged teenagers and propose a reduction in the physical fitness tests. A total of 414 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 17 years old, representative of the public school population in the city of Cuiaba were evaluated. The tests include general physical fitness, proposed by PROESP-BR. Multivariate factorial analysis was used, observing the commonality/representativeness of each test with regard to the set, and the index was created for girls and boys. With this analysis we can choose to use the following tests: female - throwing medicine ball, horizontal jump and run 20 meters; male - throwing medicine ball, representing the overall performance. The created index was divided into quintiles and allowed you to view the whole performance of the six tests, as well as their distribution within the group and away from the ideal reference.

Exercício físico de moderada intensidade contribui para o controle de parâmetros glicêmicos e clearance de creatinina em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 / Aerobic physical training at moderate intensity contributes to the control of glycemic parameters and clearance of creatinine in individuals with Diabetes Mellitus type 2

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis há muitos anos vêm causando grande impacto à saúde pública, particularmente as patologias relacionadas ao mau funcionamento do metabolismo, dentre as quais podemos incluir o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). A principal estratégia para o seu controle sustenta-se na tríade exercício físico, alimentação saudável e medicamento. Diante de tais fatos, Diante de tais fatos, nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico aeróbio, mais especificamente caminhada com intensidade moderada, sobre os parâmetros glicêmicos (glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial e hemoglobina glicada), e clearance de creatinina de pessoas diagnosticados com DM2, e realizando acompanhamento clínico e farmacológico há, ao menos, três anos. O modelo de estudo caracterizou-se como quase experimental longitudinal "antes e depois". Os pacientes (n=25) foram avaliados em quatro momento: M0=início do experimento; M1=quatro semanas; M2=oito semanas; M3=final do experimento (12 semanas). Foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas e de urina conforme determina os protocolos para análise de glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial e hemoglobina glicada e clearance de creatinina. O programa de exercícios físicos promoveu redução significativas na glicemia pós-prandial, na hemoglobina glicada e clearance de creatinina. Analisando o conjunto dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o programa de exercício físico de moderada intensidade foi capaz de promover melhor controle glicêmico e contribuir para a redução discreta do clearance de creatinina, sendo este associado a patologias renais que, comumente, acomete essa população.(AU)

The non-communicable chronic diseases generate great impact to public health, particularly the pathologies related to malfunction of metabolism, among which is include the diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). The main strategy for DM2 control is the triad physical exercise, healthy nutrition and medicine. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise program (walking at moderate intensity) on metabolic parameters (fasting blood glucose, postprandial glycaemia and glycated hemoglobin), and creatinine clearance of individuals with DM2. The study model was characterized as almost longitudinal trial "before and after. The patients (n=25) has been evaluated in four moments: M0 = beginning of the experiment; M1 = four weeks; M2 = eight weeks; M3 = end of the experiment (12 weeks). Blood and urine samples has been collected for determination of fasting glucose, postprandial glycaemia, glycated hemoglobin and clearance of creatinine. The physical exercise program promoted reduction in fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine clearance in men males and postprandial blood glucose and creatinine clearance in women's group evaluated. Thus, it is possible to infer that the applied exercise sessions three times a week, for three months, were enough to induce substantial changes, especially in men, with regard to biochemical as well as clinical parameters evaluated. The physical exercise program promoted significative reduction in the postprandial glycaemia, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine clearance. Taken together, our results allow us to conclude that the aerobic physical training at moderate intensity was able to induce to a better glycemic control as well as to contribute to the discreet reduction of creatinine clearance, being this associated to renal pathologies that, commonly, affect this population.(AU)

Perda hidrica e pratica de hidratacao em atletas de futebol / Water loss and hydration practices in soccer players / Perdida hidrica y practica de hidratacion en atletas de futbol

INTRODUÇÃO: Atletas de futebol sofrem grande estresse fisiológico durante os treinos. As características da atividade associadas às condições climáticas desfavoráveis podem provocar desidratação intensa resultando em redução de desempenho físico. OBJETIVO: Estimar o percentual de desidratação de atletas futebolistas durante sessões de treino na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados nas instalações do centro de treinamento da equipe. Participaram do estudo 17 atletas profissionais do sexo masculino (idade = 21,53 ± 1,19 anos; peso=71,99±7,66 kg; estatura=1,76±0,08m; IMC=23,31±1,69kg/m²). Foram analisadas as pesagens de pré e pós-treino em dois dias não consecutivos de treino (A e B) e pela perda de peso ocorrida, obteve-se a diferença de massa corporal (ΔMC); também se anotou toda a ingestão de líquidos. Os dados registrados foram aplicados às fórmulas específicas para análise. RESULTADOS: O ΔMC entre a medida inicial e a medida final do treino A foi de 1,08 ± 0,45 kg, já a do treino B foi de 0,85 ± 0,47kg, representando 1,5 ± 0,63% e 1,19 ± 0,59% de desidratação, respectivamente. O volume de líquido ingerido foi de 2.591 ± 440 ml no treino A e de 926 ± 356 ml no treino B. A prática do futebol reduziu a massa corporal dos atletas após o treino, indicando que houve desidratação. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da oferta constante de água aos jogadores, observamos que a reposição hídrica ad libitum não foi suficiente para manter o estado eu-hidratado de todos os atletas. .

INTRODUCTION: Football players are subjected to great physiological stress during training. The characteristics of the activity, associated with unfavorable climatic conditions, can lead to intense dehydration resulting in a reduction in physical performance. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of dehydration in professional soccer players during training sessions in Cuiabá-MT, Brasil. METHODS: Data were collected in the team's training facility. The study included 17 male professional athletes (age = 21.53 ± 1.19 years; weight = 71.99 ± 7.66kg; stature = 1.76 ± 0.08m, BMI = 23.31 ± 1.69kg/m²). The pre- and post-training weighing in two non-consecutive days training (A and B) were obtained, and through the weight loss verified, we obtained the difference in body mass (ΔBM) and also noted all fluid intake. The recorded data were applied to the specific formulas for analysis. RESULTS: The ΔBM between the initial and final measurements was 1.08 ± 0.45kg in the training A, and training B was 0.85 ± 0.47kg, representing dehydration of 1.5 ± 0.63% and 1.19 ± 0.59%, respectively. The volume of fluid intake was 2,591 ± 440mL in the training A, and 926 ± 356mL in training B. The soccer practice reduced the body mass of athletes after training, indicating that there was dehydration. CONCLUSION: Despite the constant supply of water to the players, we found that ad libitum fluid replacement was not sufficient to maintain the hydration status of all athletes. .

INTRODUCCIÓN: Atletas del fútbol sufren mucho estrés fisiológico durante los entrenamientos. Las características de la actividad, sumadas a las condiciones climáticas desfavorables, pueden causar deshidratación intensa resultando en reducción del desempeño físico. OBJETIVO: Estimar el porcentaje de deshidratación de atletas futbolistas durante sesiones de entrenamiento en la ciudad de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso. MÉTODOS: Los datos fueron recolectados en las instalaciones del centro de entrenamiento del equipo. Participaron en el estudio 17 atletas profesionales de sexo masculino (edad = 21,53 ± 1,19 años; peso = 71,99 ± 7,66 kg; estatura = 1,76 ± 0,08m; IMC = 23,31 ± 1,69kg/m²). Se analizaron los pesos antes y después del entrenamiento, en dos días no consecutivos de entrenamiento (A y B) y según la pérdida de peso ocurrida, se obtuvo la diferencia de masa corporal (ΔMC); también se anotó toda la ingestión de líquidos. Los datos registrados fueron aplicados a las fórmulas específicas para análisis. RESULTADOS: La ΔMC entre la medida inicial y la final del entrenamiento A fue 1,08 ± 0,45 kg y la del entrenamiento B fue 0,85 ± 0,47kg, representando, respectivamente, 1,5 ± 0,63% y 1,19 ± 0,59% de deshidratación. El volumen de líquido ingerido fue 2,591 ± 440 ml en el entrenamiento A y 926 ± 356 ml en el entrenamiento B. La práctica del fútbol redujo la masa corporal de los atletas después del entrenamiento, indicando que hubo deshidratación. CONCLUSIÓN: Aun considerando el ofrecimiento constante de agua a los jugadores, observamos que la reposición hídrica ad libitum no fue suficiente para mantener el estado de hidratación propia de todos los atletas. .