Environmental Factors Associated with Risk of Crohn's Disease Development in the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial Project.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To date, it is unclear how environmental factors influence Crohn's disease (CD) risk and how they interact with biological processes. This study investigates the association between environmental exposures and CD risk and evaluates their association with pre-disease biomarkers. METHODS: We studied 4289 healthy first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with CD from the Crohn's and Colitis Canada - Genetic, Environmental, Microbial (CCC-GEM) project. Regression models identified environmental factors associated with future CD onset and their association with pre-disease biological factors, including altered intestinal permeability measured by urinary fractional excretion of lactulose to mannitol ratio (LMR); gut inflammation via fecal calprotectin (FCP) levels; and fecal microbiome composition through 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS: Over a 5.62-year median follow-up, 86 FDRs developed CD. Living with a dog between ages 5 and 15 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.96; P = .034), and living with a large family size in the first year of life (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.85; P = .016) were associated with decreased CD risk, whereas having a bird at the time of recruitment (HR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.36-5.68; P = .005) was associated with an increased CD risk. Furthermore, living with a dog was associated with reduced LMR, altered relative abundance of multiple bacterial genera, and increased Chao1 diversity, whereas bird owners had higher FCP levels. Large family during participants' first year of life was associated with altered microbiota composition without affecting FCP or LMR. CONCLUSION: This study identifies environmental variables associated with CD risk. These variables were also associated with altered barrier function, subclinical inflammation, and gut microbiome composition shifts, suggesting potential roles in CD pathogenesis.

Comorbidities and Malignancy among NAFLD Patients Compared to the General Population, A Nation-Based Study.

(1) Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease. Aims: We aimed to investigate the frequency of comorbidities and malignancies among NAFLD patients compared to the general population. (2) Methods: A retrospective study included adult patients with a NAFLD diagnosis. A control group was matched for age and gender. Demographics, comorbidities, malignancies, and mortality were collected and compared. (3) Results: 211,955 NAFLD patients were analyzed in comparison to 452,012 matched general population controls. Significantly higher rates of diabetes mellitus (23.2% vs. 13.3%), obesity (58.8% vs. 27.8%), hypertension (57.2% vs. 39.9%), chronic ischemic heart disease (24.7% vs. 17.3%), and CVA (3.2% vs. 2.8%) were found among NAFLD patients. Patients with NAFLD had significantly higher rates of the following malignancies: prostate cancer (1.6% vs. 1.2%), breast cancer (2.6% vs. 1.9%), colorectal cancer (1.8% vs. 1.4%), uterine cancer (0.4 vs. 0.2%), kidney cancer (0.8% vs. 0.5%), but a lower rate of lung cancer (0.9% vs. 1.2%) and stomach cancer (0.3% vs. 0.4%). The all-cause mortality rate among NAFLD patients was significantly lower in comparison to the general population (10.8% vs. 14.7%, p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Higher rates of comorbidities and malignancies among NAFLD patients were observed, but a lower rate of all-cause mortality was found.

Liver Cirrhosis, Etiology and Clinical Characteristics Disparities Among Minority Population.

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a common disease with varied primary causes and ethnic disparities. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Arab Bedouin (AB) and Jewish patients with LC were retrospective collected and compared. We included 1048 patients, 95 (9%) Arab Bedouin and 953 (91%) Jewish patients. The incidence of cirrhosis was much lower among AB. Age at diagnosis was 47 ± 18 years among Bedouins compared to 61 ± 13 years (p < 0.001) among Jews. The most frequent causes of cirrhosis among Bedouin patients were fatty liver 21.1%, cryptogenic 20%, hepatitis B 17.9% and autoimmune hepatitis 15.8%, while hepatitis C (39.2%), fatty liver (17.2%) and alcoholic liver disease (14.4%) were most common among Jewish patients. An all-cause mortality of 48.4% was observed in AB patients compared to 66.4% in Jewish patients (p < 0.001). Significant disparities regarding incidence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of cirrhosis among Arab Bedouin compared with Jewish population were found.

Adherence to Anti-Viral Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B.

Adherence to treatment of chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an important issue and can affect the complication rate. Nucleos(t)ide analogue as oral treatments are used for patients with necro-inflammatory activity and high viral load, with the goal of decline the complication rate such cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. We aimed to investigate the adherence to chronic HBV treatment. Chronic HBV patients with dispensing medication rates (DMR) of at least 80% were defined as high adherence group (HAG) and those who dispensed less than 80% as low adherence group (LAG). The study included 273 patients. 90 patients (33%) were in the LAG and 183 (67%) in the HAG. The All-cause mortality in the LAG was 15.6%, and 8.7% among the HAG (p-value = 0.09). 185 patients were of Jewish origin (mean age of 52.96 ±14.6 years, 30% women) and 88 patients of Arab Bedouin (AB) origin (mean age of 40.86 ± 13.96 years (p-value < 0.001), 42% women). The proportion of Jewish patients with high adherence was 71% (131 patients) versus 59% (52 patients) in AB patients (p-value = 0.054). The all-causes mortality was 14.6% among Jewish origin and 3.4% of AB (p-value = 0.01). We conclude that, two third of HBV carriers are with high level adherence to treatment in southern Israel, with lower but marginally significant all-cause mortality. No-significant differences in adherence patterns were noted between Arab Bedouin and Jews.

Incidence rates and clinical characteristics of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a population study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: After the rise of lymphoma incidence in the 1990's, there is a paucity of epidemiologic studies describing the characteristics of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (PGIL). This epidemiologic survey aims to identify recent trends in PGIL. METHODS: A retrospective, population-based study describing adult patients with PGIL in the Israeli Negev region between 1998 and 2013. RESULTS: 131 patients were diagnosed with PGIL, representing an annual incidence rate of 22.42/100,000, compared to 35.87/100,000 in the overall Israeli population. Both incidence rates did not significantly change during the study period. The median age was 66 years, and the most common presentation was in the stomach (49.6%) and oral cavity (18.3%). Histologically, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was predominant (55.0%). Most patients (66.4%) had early stage disease. Only T-cell lymphoma showed a male predominance (14.7% versus 5.4%, P=0.008). Fifty patients (44.2%) had H. pylori testing, and 35 (70.0%) were positive. Of these, 91.4% received eradication treatment, and 57.1% were negative thereafter.Most patients received CHOP or RCHOP protocols (16.0% and 48.1%, respectively). Complete response was achieved in 53.4%. Median follow-up was 48 months, and 62 patients (47.3%) died during the study period. Liver involvement had a worse prognosis, (33.0% 5-year survival) compared to upper and lower GI disease(70.5% and 46.8% respectively, P=0.003 for the comparison between liver and other locations). T-cell lymphoma had worse survival (11 months vs. not reached, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the incidence, and clinical characteristics of PGIL in the Negev region. It is important to identify disease characteristics, thus facilitating better disease detection and prognostication.

Teaming Up for Trouble: Cancer Cells, Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 Signaling and the Epigenetic Corruption of Stromal Naïve Fibroblasts.

It is well recognized that cancer cells subvert the phenotype of stromal naïve fibroblasts and instruct the neighboring cells to sustain their growth agenda. The mechanisms underpinning the switch of fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the focus of intense investigation. One of the most significant hallmarks of the biological identity of CAFs is that their tumor-promoting phenotype is stably maintained during in vitro and ex vivo propagation without the continual interaction with the adjacent cancer cells. In this review, we discuss robust evidence showing that the master cytokine Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 (TGFß-1) is a prime mover in reshaping, via epigenetic switches, the phenotype of stromal fibroblasts to a durable state. We also examine, in detail, the pervasive involvement of TGFß-1 signaling from both cancer cells and CAFs in fostering cancer development, taking colorectal cancer (CRC) as a paradigm of human neoplasia. Finally, we review the stroma-centric anticancer therapeutic approach focused on CAFs-the most abundant cell population of the tumor microenvironment (TME)-as target cells.

Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency and Lynch syndrome among consecutive Arab Bedouins with colorectal cancer in Israel.

We assessed the molecular characteristics and the frequency of mutations in mismatch-repair genes among Bedouin patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Israel. Bedouin patients with a diagnosis of CRC at a major hospital in the southern part of Israel were deemed eligible for this study. The primary screening method was immunohistochemical staining for mismatch-repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2). For subjects with abnormal immunohistochemical staining, we performed microsatellite instability (MSI) analyses, and for tumors with a loss of MLH1 expression we also performed BRAF testing. In MSI high cases we searched further for germline mutations. Of the 24 patients enrolled, four subjects (16.7%) had MSI high tumors: one subject was found to harbor a biallelic PMS2 mutation, one subject had Lynch syndrome (LS) with MSH6 mutation and two subjects had a loss of MLH1/PMS2 proteins/BRAF wild type/normal MLH1 sequence. Ten patients (41.7%) were younger than 50 at the time of diagnosis and none had first degree relatives with CRC. In conclusion, in this cohort of 24 consecutive Arab Bedouins with CRC, one patient was found to harbor a constitutional mismatch repair deficiency, one patient had LS with MSH6 mutation, and two patients had unresolved loss of MLH1/PMS2 proteins/BRAF wild type phenotype.

Efficacy and safety of sequential versus quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for helicobacter pylori infection-A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Quadruple therapy is recommended as second-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication failure. However, high cost, multiple side effects, and low adherence rates are major drawbacks to its routine use. Our aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of sequential versus quadruple regimens as second line treatment for persistent Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS: Prospective, randomized, open label trial was conducted at a large academic, tertiary care center in Israel. Patients who previously failed a standard triple treatment eradication course were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a 10-day sequential therapy course, or a 14-day quadruple regimen. Compliance and adverse events were evaluated by telephone questionnaires. The primary endpoint for analysis was the rate of Helicobacter pylori eradication as defined by either a negative 13C-urea breath-test, or stool antigen test, 4-16 weeks after treatment assessed under the non-inferiority hypothesis. The trial was terminated prematurely due to low recruitment rates. See S1 Checklist for CONSORT checklist. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients were randomized. Per modified intention-to-treat analysis, eradication rate was 49% in the sequential versus 42.5% in the quadruple regimen group (p-value for non-inferiority 0.02). Forty-two (84.0%) versus 33 (64.7%) patients completed treatment in the sequential and quadruple groups respectively (p 0.027). Gastrointestinal side effects were more common in the quadruple regimen group. CONCLUSION: Sequential treatment when used as a second line regimen, was non-inferior to the standard of care quadruple regimen in achieving Helicobacter pylori eradication, and was associated with better compliance and fewer adverse effects. Both treatment protocols failed to show an adequate eradication rate in the population of Southern Israel. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01481844.

The yield of endoscopic investigation for unintentional weight loss.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the yield of endoscopic evaluation in isolated unintentional weight loss (UWL) patients compared with patients with weight loss and additional symptoms or signs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent an endoscopic evaluation for the investigation of UWL at Soroka University Medical Center between 2006 and 2012. Data on clinical indication, endoscopic, and laboratory finding were retrieved. Severe inflammation, ulcers, achalasia, and neoplasias were considered clinically significant endoscopic findings (CSEF) that could explain weight loss. Detection rates of CSEF were compared between endoscopic studies for which UWL was the sole indication (group 1) and those performed for UWL and at least one other indication (group 2). RESULTS: During the study period, 1843 patients with UWL were evaluated with 2098 endoscopic procedures. Of these, 1540 underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and 558 underwent colonoscopy. EGD was performed in 229 (14.8%) patients in group 1 (mean age: 60.9±16.4, 43.3% men), and in 1311 (85.2%) patients in group 2 (mean age: 60.5±18.5, 45% men). Pathological endoscopic findings were identified in 712 (46%) EGDs. Of these, 155 (10%) studies detected significant outcomes: six (3.9%) in group 1 and 149 (96.1%) in group 2. Of the 558 colonoscopies performed, 105 (18.8%) were performed in group 1 (mean age: 61.7±17.5, 43% men) and 453 (82.2%) in group 2 patients (mean age: 62.9±14.6, 49% men). Abnormal findings were found in 190 (33.8%) of the procedures. CSEF were found in 34 (6%) patients: two in group 1 and 32 in group 2. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic yield of endoscopy for investigation of patients with UWL is non-negligible, and should be considered as part of its baseline evaluation, especially in older individuals and those who present with other gastrointestinal manifestations.

Human Colorectal Cancer Stage-dependent Global DNA Hypomethylation of Cancer-associated Fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in tumor development and progression. The prevailing consensus favors the view that a specific epigenetic signature underpins the stable CAF phenotype. The aim of the present study was to assess global DNA methylation in CAFs during the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in non-familial sporadic human colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of nuclear 5-methylcytosine (5'-meCyt) was performed in matched samples of colonic tumor tissue and normal colonic mucosa excised from six patients with adenomas and four with adenocarcinomas. The staining intensity was expressed semi-quantitatively as the immunohistochemical staining score (ISS). RESULTS: ISS values of human colonic CAFs and adenomatous samples were 14.00±2.2 and 14.08±1.8, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference. In contrast, a marked trend was found towards global DNA hypomethylation in CAFs from adenocarcinomatous specimens compared to matched normal mucosa: ISS: 9.25±2.44 (range=6-11) vs. 16.17±0.75, respectively, p<0.03. CONCLUSION: Final stages of cancer development in CRC are associated with global DNA hypomethylation in stromal CAFs.

[FIRST GENERATION PROTEASE INHIBITOR BASED TRIPLE THERAPY FOR HCV GENOTYPE 1--LOOKING BACK WHILE PROCEEDING TO A PROMISING ERA].

BACKGROUND: For the last decade the backbone of hepatitis C (HCV) treatment was the pan-genotyping dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa in combination with Ribavirin. This regimen was limited in achieving sustained virological response (SVR) and accompanied by serious adverse events. In 2010 there was overwhelming progress in the treatment options for HCV. This change began with the introduction of the first generation specific Direct Antiviral Agents (DAA's) that inhibit the viral protease, agents used in combination with the dual protocol for genotype 1 (triple therapy). In 2014 this revolution continued with the introduction of advanced DAA's targeting different non-structural viral proteins. These DAA's achieve an all oral regimen shorter in duration with outstanding SVR rates and mild side effects. Our liver clinic manages the treatment and follow-up of the vast majority of patients with HCV in southern Israel. As part of the unprecedented advance in the treatment regimen for HCV with the introduction of the first generation DAA's and especially after they were included by the national health care as an option for treatment, we started to treat HCV genotype 1 patients with the triple regimen. Now, in the era of advanced DAA's regimens, we look back, retrospectively, analyze and conclude our experience with a regimen that changed the conception of eradication for HCV by combining immune activation and specific inhibition of functional viral proteins. This was conducted in the hope that it will inspire the development of revolutionary regimens for eradication in other viral diseases. METHODS: During the period between September 2011 to November 2013, 55 patients infected with HCV genotype 1 were treated in our outpatient liver clinic with the triple regimen. These patients finished a 6 month period of post-treatment follow-up allowing the evaluation of their viral PCR status at the latest in May 2014. The data were collected from the patient's computerized file and were statistically analyzed by the SMC clinical research center. RESULTS: Out of the 55 patients, 39 received Telaprevir as the protease inhibitor and 16 were treated with Boceprevir. Of all the treated patients 34 achieved SVR; 47% of patients with genotype 1A reached SVR, whereas 71% of those with genotype 1B reached that endpoint. A total of 63.6% of patients with mild or no fibrosis (F 0-2) achieved SVR compared to 63% in patients with advanced fibrosis (F 3-4]. There were 6 patients with no METAVIR evaluation. A total of 57% of naïve patients, 83.3% of prior relapsers and 57.1% of previous non-responders reached SVR at 6 months in current triple therapy. There was no significant response difference in any sub-group when the two first generation PI's were compared. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience with first generation PI based triple regiment for HCV genotype 1, though more effective than previous dual treatment, it was still limited in its effectiveness, while creating some major safety issues. In light of this new era where much more effective and safe DAA's emerged and are now in routine use, the triple therapy in our view should be reviewed as a transitional phase that changed forever the concept of eradicating HCV and aimed at specific viral sites. This regimen paved the way for advanced DAA protocols achieving cures in overwhelming unprecedented rates.

Ameliorating Active Ulcerative Colitis via an Orally Available Toll-Like Receptor-9 Modifier: A Prospective Open-Label, Multicenter Phase II Trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of active ulcerative colitis is associated with incomplete efficacy, adverse events, and loss of response. Toll-like receptor-9 mediates innate and adaptive immune response toward intestinal microorganisms. The oral synthetic oligonucleotide toll-like receptor-9 modulator has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in colitis murine models and a satisfactory safety profile in humans. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of BL-7040 (a Toll-like receptor-9 modulator) in patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis. METHODS: Moderately active ulcerative colitis patients were included in this multicenter, open-label phase IIa trial. Concomitant mesalamine and steroids at a stable dose were allowed. Clinical outcome was evaluated using the Mayo score, histology, and mucosal cytokine levels. Side effects were registered. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 22 patients completed a 5-week treatment course and 2-week follow-up. Six patients discontinued the study, three of them due to adverse events. Clinical remission was observed in two patients (12.5 %), and clinical response as well as mucosal healing were achieved in half (50 %) of the patients, while all others remained stable. Furthermore, mucosal neutrophil (p = 0.002) and mucosal interleukin-6 levels (p = 0.046) were significantly reduced in responders compared to non-responders. Toll-like receptor-9 was well tolerated with only one unrelated to study drug serious adverse event (hemoglobin decrease) and 29 mild-to-moderate adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of the Toll-like receptor-9 agonist BL-7040 appeared efficacious, safe and well tolerated in patients with moderately active ulcerative colitis.

Effect of psychosocial stressors on patients with Crohn's disease: threatening life experiences and family relations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Threatening life experiences and adverse family relations are major psychosocial stressors affecting mental and physical health in chronic illnesses, but their influence in Crohn's disease (CD) is unclear. We assessed whether these stressors would predict the psychological and medical condition of CD patients. METHODS: Consecutive adult CD patients completed a series of instruments including demography, Patient Harvey-Bradshaw Index (P-HBI), Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ), short-form survey instrument (SF-36), brief symptom inventory (BSI), family assessment device (FAD), and list of threatening life experiences (LTE). Associations of FAD and LTE with P-HBI, SIBDQ, SF-36, and BSI were examined by multiple linear and quantile regression analyses. RESULTS: The cohort included 391 patients, mean age 38.38±13.95 years, 59.6% women, with intermediate economic status. The median scores were as follows: P-HBI 4 (2-8), FAD 1.67 (1.3-2.1), LTE 1 (0-3), SF-36 physical health 43.75 (33.7-51.0), SF-36 mental health 42.99 (34.1-51.9), and BSI-Global Severity Index 0.81 (0.4-1.4). The SIBDQ was 47.27±13.9. LTE was associated with increased P-HBI in all quantiles and FAD in the 50% quantile. FAD and LTE were associated with reduced SIBDQ (P<0.001). Higher LTE was associated with lower SF-36 physical and mental health (P<0.001); FAD was associated with reduced mental health (P<0.001). FAD and LTE were associated positively with GSI in all quantiles; age was associated negatively. CONCLUSION: CD patients with more threatening life experiences and adverse family relations were less healthy both physically and mentally. Physicians offering patients sociopsychological therapy should relate to threatening life experiences and family relations.

The cancer cells-of-origin in the gastrointestinal tract: progenitors revisited.

A prominent model of tumor progression posits that normal self-renewing and multipotent stem cells(SCs) are the initial target of transformation. This view has been robustly challenged by the recurring observation that transit-amplifying cells and differentiated progenitors can initiate neoplasia outside the SC zone thus qualifying as cancer cells-of-origin. The emerging concept is that a cancer SC and a cancer cell-of-origin are not necessarily the same cell. Importantly, progenitor cells were shown to possess remarkable plasticity and to revert, on demand, to a SC-like state. The present review revisits our early hypothesis that colonic progenitors acquiring a mutant adenomatous polyposis coli gene after exiting the stem zone may serve as genuine cancer cells-of-origin. New findings consonant with this view are examined, and tenable molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning the plasticity of progenitor cells in the gastrointestinal tract and in other tissues are discussed. The translational impact of cell plasticity is addressed, and recommendations for future research are advanced.

Inflammatory bowel disease among Bedouin Arabs in southern Israel: urbanization and increasing prevalence rates.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been associated with genetic and environmental factors, including urban living. IBD was rare in the Israeli Bedouin community 30 years ago. Over recent decades, a large proportion of this community has undergone a transition from a nomadic to a western lifestyle. Our aim was to carry out an updated evaluation of the clinical and epidemiological features of IBD in the Bedouin sector of southern Israel. METHODS: All Bedouin patients with a known diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were included in the retrospective study. RESULTS: The cohort included 31 CD patients and 31 UC patients. The mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 29±10.9 and 35±17.5 years for CD and UC, respectively. The prevalence rate for CD was 15.5/100,000 and the incidence rate was 0.8-3.55/100,000. Fourteen of the CD patients (45%) had ileal disease and 64.5% had inflammatory disease behavior according to the Montreal classification. Eleven of the CD patients (35%) were treated with anti-TNF-α and 26% had undergone surgery. Over the previous decade, the prevalence of UC was 14/100,000 and the incidence was 0.5-2.39/100,000. Eighteen UC patients (58%) had left-sided colitis. Three (9.7%) had undergone total colectomy for severe disease. CONCLUSION: We found an increased prevalence of IBD in the Bedouin population, associated with their change in lifestyle over previous decades. However, the prevalence is still markedly lower than that in other population groups. A high percentage of patients were treated with anti-TNF-α and/or surgery.

Accuracy of capsule colonoscopy in detecting colorectal polyps in a screening population.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Capsule colonoscopy is a minimally invasive imaging method. We measured the accuracy of this technology in detecting polyps 6 mm or larger in an average-risk screening population. METHODS: In a prospective study, asymptomatic subjects (n = 884) underwent capsule colonoscopy followed by conventional colonoscopy (the reference) several weeks later, with an endoscopist blinded to capsule results, at 10 centers in the United States and 6 centers in Israel from June 2011 through April 2012. An unblinded colonoscopy was performed on subjects found to have lesions 6 mm or larger by capsule but not conventional colonoscopy. RESULTS: Among the 884 subjects enrolled, 695 (79%) were included in the analysis of capsule performance for all polyps. There were 77 exclusions (9%) for inadequate cleansing and whole-colon capsule transit time fewer than 40 minutes, 45 exclusions (5%) before capsule ingestion, 15 exclusions (2%) after ingestion and before colonoscopy, and 15 exclusions (2%) for site termination. Capsule colonoscopy identified subjects with 1 or more polyps 6 mm or larger with 81% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 77%-84%) and 93% specificity (95% CI, 91%-95%), and polyps 10 mm or larger with 80% sensitivity (95% CI, 74%-86%) and 97% specificity (95% CI, 96%-98%). Capsule colonoscopy identified subjects with 1 or more conventional adenomas 6 mm or larger with 88% sensitivity (95% CI, 82%-93) and 82% specificity (95% CI, 80%-83%), and 10 mm or larger with 92% sensitivity (95% CI, 82%-97%) and 95% specificity (95% CI, 94%-95%). Sessile serrated polyps and hyperplastic polyps accounted for 26% and 37%, respectively, of false-negative findings from capsule analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In an average-risk screening population, technically adequate capsule colonoscopy identified individuals with 1 or more conventional adenomas 6 mm or larger with 88% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Capsule performance seems adequate for patients who cannot undergo colonoscopy or who had incomplete colonoscopies. Additional studies are needed to improve capsule detection of serrated lesions. Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01372878.

Erdheim Chester - a rare disease with unique endoscopic features.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare inflammatory syndrome in which systemic infiltration of non-Langerhans cell histiocytes occurs in different sites. Both the etiology and pathophysiology of ECD are unknown, but CD68 positive CD 1a/S100 negative cells are characteristic. The presentation of ECD differs according to the involved organs. This case report describes a patient with ECD and the gastrointestinal manifestations and unique endoscopic appearance as seen in gastroscopy and colonoscopy with histological proof of histiocyte infiltration of the lamina propria. The clinical and endoscopic findings of this unique case, to our knowledge, were never described before, so were the features of the gastrointestinal involvement in this disease.

Efficacy of immunotherapy with TG4040, peg-interferon, and ribavirin in a Phase 2 study of patients with chronic HCV infection.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: TG4040 is a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus that expresses the hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins NS3, NS4, and NS5B. We performed a phase II open-label study to determine the efficacy, safety, and immunotherapeutic properties of TG4040 in combination with pegylated interferon α-2a and ribavirin (PEG-IFNα/RBV) in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS: Treatment-naive patients with HCV genotype 1 infection were assigned randomly to 1 of the following groups: PEG-IFNα/RBV for 48 weeks (group A, n = 31), PEG-IFNα/RBV for 4 weeks followed by PEG-IFNα/RBV for 44 weeks with 6 injections of TG4040 (group B, n = 63), or TG4040 for 12 weeks (7 injections) followed by PEG-IFNα/RBV for 48 weeks with 6 injections of TG4040 (group C, n = 59). The primary end point was complete early virologic response (cEVR), defined as HCV-RNA level less than 10 IU/mL after 12 weeks of PEG-IFNα/RBV treatment. RESULTS: In group C, 64.2% of evaluable patients achieved cEVR, compared with 30.0% in group A and 45.9% in group B (P = .0003 for group C vs A). A higher percentage of patients achieved a sustained virologic response 24 weeks after therapy ended in group C (58.2%) than in groups A (48.4%) or B (50.8%). HCV- and MVA-specific T-cell responses were observed predominantly in group C. As expected, most patients given injections of TG4040 developed anti-MVA antibodies. The combination of TG4040 and PEG-IFNα/RBV was reasonably well tolerated. However, PEG-IFNα-associated thrombocytopenia developed in 3 patients who carried the class II HLA allele DRB01*04. CONCLUSIONS: A higher percentage of patients with chronic HCV infection who received immunotherapy with TG4040 followed by TG4040 and PEG-IFNα/RBV achieved a cEVR compared with patients who received only PEG-IFNα/RBV therapy. These findings show that immunotherapies that activate T cells are effective in patients with chronic HCV infection. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01055821.

Autoimmune hepatitis in southern Israel: a 15-year multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to assess the incidence, prevalence and clinical outcomes of patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in southern Israel. METHODS: Case-finding methods and population-based administrative data were used to evaluate the epidemiology and prognostic factors of AIH from 1995 to 2010. RESULTS: During the study period, the average annual prevalence and incidence of AIH in southern Israel were 11.0/100000 and 0.67/100000, respectively. We identified 100 AIH cases with a mean age of 47.9 years, including 95 women and five men. Type 1 AIH was found in 77 cases, and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were found in 73.4% and 22.3% of all patients who underwent liver biopsy. In all, 98 patients were treated with a combination of steroids and azathioprine or steroids alone (prednisone and azathioprine in 71, budesonide and azathioprine in 11, prednisone or budesonide alone in six and ten, respectively). Complete remission was recorded in 56 patients, whereas partial response or failure of treatment was noted in 42 patients. In multivariate analysis the independent predictors of remission were the degree of liver fibrosis (mild vs bridging fibrosis (F3) and cirrhosis [F4]) (P=0.003) and level of albumin (P=0.031). The estimated 1-year and 10-year survival for AIH were 96.5% and 89.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AIH in Israel is quite similar to that of other European Caucasian populations, with a relatively long-term good prognosis, despite a low rate of response to immunosuppressive therapy.