The needed link between open science and science diplomacy-A Latin American perspective.

The relevance of science diplomacy and open science in today's world is undeniable. Science diplomacy enables countries to jointly address pressing global challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and food security. Open science, promoting accessible and transparent research, plays a pivotal role in this context. Nevertheless, the degree of openness is subject to specific circumstances, contingent upon varying factors, including local knowledge and resources. Latin America has not only been at the forefront of pioneering open access strategies, making it an interesting case to study, but it has also shown a tangible interest in using science diplomacy. Our research employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating a quantitative survey involving 50 organizations and initiatives dedicated to promoting open science in Latin America, along with two qualitative focus group studies. Our primary objective is to assess if and how these entities use science diplomacy to achieve their objectives. Non-policy entities were prioritized due to their institutional stability in the region. We highlight successful strategies and delve into the existing barriers hindering the full implementation of open science principles. Our research aims to enhance collaboration between these organizations and policy and decision-makers by providing a set of recommendations in that direction. By shedding light on the current landscape and dynamics of open science in Latin America, we aspire to focus on science diplomacy, facilitate informed decision-making, and formulate policies that further propel the region along the path of openness, collaboration, and innovation in scientific research.

Organized Scientific Diaspora and Its Contributions to Science Diplomacy in Emerging Economies: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean.

The current knowledge society has driven an unprecedented mobility of people, especially scientists, from emerging economies to developed countries. This mobility can allow the development of human talent and the access to first class infrastructure and resources, but it can also mean a loss for emerging economies due to the phenomenon of brain drain. To counteract this situation, some countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have developed models for the articulation of their scientific diaspora in projects and programs, with the aim of exchanging knowledge and capitalizing on human and technical resources to advance science, technology and innovation systems. Likewise, science diplomacy has become a tool for interlinking the work of various actors in order to advance the solution of national, transnational or global problems through scientific advice. Scientific diasporas are vital in new structures of cooperation, enabling them to innovate and solve problems jointly, advising their countries of origin and articulating policies and programs. This research seeks to analyze the interactions and initiatives identified between the organized scientific diaspora from Latin America and the Caribbean and their countries of origin in relation to science diplomacy processes, providing recommendations and proposals for public policy to improve the interaction between the diaspora and the governments of their countries of origin. Results show that diaspora organizations from Latin America and the Caribbean engage with governmental and non-state actors and are active science diplomacy stakeholders promoting the scientific developments of their country or their researchers, as well as enabling access to research resources creating alliances for scientific, institutional and academic collaborations. In the cases studied, these efforts are planned and executed by the diaspora without responding to any science diplomacy strategy of the country. Policies and programs are needed to effectively link the scientific diaspora organizations to the interests of the countries.

Relationship Between Dietary Self-Efficacy and Religiosity Among Seventh-Day Adventists in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Most of the studies involving members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (SDA) have been conducted in the United States and Canada. AIM: The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between dietary self-efficacy and religiosity among SDA members in Peru. METHODS: In this online cross-sectional study, 403 participants aged 18 to 59 years selected by convenience were included. The data collected included sociodemographic information. In addition, the Dietary Self-Efficacy Scale (DIET-SE) and the Duke University Index of Religion (DUREL) were administered. A correlation analysis was performed and multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between religiosity, dietary self-efficacy, and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Dietary self-efficacy was significantly negatively correlated with all dimensions of religiosity, ie, organized religious activities (ORA), non-organized religious activities (NORA), and intrinsic religiosity (IR). In addition, participants had high dietary self-efficacy and religiosity. CONCLUSION: Although religiosity dimensions did not significantly predict dietary self-efficacy, however, the non-organized religious activities dimension was the strongest predictor of dietary self-efficacy among Adventists in Peru. The present study will serve as a basis for future research to further investigate the potential positive effect of religiosity on the improvement a healthy diet and possible changes in the physical and mental health of the population.

Correlation between predialysis systolic blood pressure and predialysis hydration status in hemodialysis patients / Correlación entre la presión arterial sistólica prediálisis y el estado de hidratación prediálisis en pacientes de hemodiálisis

One of the goals of hemodialysis is to maintain normal hydration status in ESRD patients.Pre hemodialysis systolic blood pressure is usually used as a clinical parameter of hydration status and to set ultrafiltration rate before Hd. It is unclear how much pre-Hd SBP correlated with hydration status. The aimwas to determine correlation between pre-Hd SBP and hydration status before Hd. An observational correlation study was performed in two dialysis centers in Santiago, Chile, from January-June, 2011. Adult patients inHd for at least three months, who gave their informed consent were included. Patients with pacemaker,amputee, hospitalized and metallic prostheses were excluded. Total-body water and over hydrated were assessed with bioimpedance spectroscopy before the first and third dialysis session of the week. Pre-Hd SBP,pre-Hd body weight, pre-Hd TBW and pre-Hd OH, were analyzed using Pearson correlation and linear regressionmodel. 96 measurements were assessed, 52 % were male with median age 59.5 years. The correlationbetween pre-Hd SBP and pre-Hd overhydration was r=0.33, and total body water r=0.15, with a predictedvalue, R2=0.10 and R2 =0.14 respectively. Pre-Hd SBP had low correlation with pre-Hd hydration status and by itself, is not a reliable parameter to set ultrafiltration rate before Hd. Nevertheless Pre-Hd body weight predicted in 70 % the pre-Hd TBW.

Uno de los objetivos de la hemodiálisis es mantener la hidratación normal en pacientes ESRD. La presión arterial sistólica pre hemodiálisis, es usualmente utilizada como parámetro clínico del estado de hidratación y para fijar la velocidad de ultrafiltración antes de la hemodialisis. No está claro cuanto se correlacionan la presión arterial sistólica prehemodialysis con el estado de hidratación. El objetivo fue determinar la correlación entre la PAS prehemodiálisis y el estado de hidratación antes de Hd. Se realizó un estudio de correlación observacional en dos centros de diálisis de Santiago de Chile, de Enero a Junio de 2011. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos en HD durante al me-nos tres meses que dieran su consentimiento informado. Se excluyeron los pacientes con marcapasos, amputados, hospitalizados y pró-tesis metálicas. El agua corporal total y el exceso de hidratación se evaluaron con espectroscopia 1030 de bioimpedancia antes de la primera y tercera sesión de diálisis de la semana. Pre-Hd PAS, pre-Hd peso corporal, pre-Hd ACT y pre-Hd OH, se analizaron utilizando el modelo de correlación y regresión lineal de Pearson. Se evaluaron 96 mediciones, 52% eran hombres con edad media 59, 5 años. La correlación entre la PAS pre-Hd y la sobrehidratación pre-Hd fue r=0, 33 y agua corporal total r=0, 15, con un valor predicho, R2= 0, 10 y R2 = 0, 14 respectivamente. Existe baja correlación entre la PAS Pre-Hd con el esta-do de hidratación pre-Hd y por lo mismo, no es un parámetro confiable para establecer la tasa de ultrafiltración antes de Hd. Sin embargo, el peso corporal Pre-Hd predijo en un 70% el agua corporal total pre-Hd.

[Protective effect of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) on myocardial infarction in New Zealand rabbit]. / Efecto protector de Helianthus annuus (girasol) sobre el infarto de miocardio en conejos Nueva Zelanda.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the protective effect of oil Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) on myocardial infarction induced by epinephrine in New Zealand rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rabbits were randomized into five groups (8 per group): blank, negative control, experimental 1 (10 mg / kg), experimental 2 (20 mg / kg) and three experimental (40 mg/ kg). Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received Helianthus annuus oil for two weeks. Epinephrine (2 mg/Kg) to the negative, Experimental Control 1, 2 and 3 groups was given over two consecutive days with an interval of 24 h after pretreatment with oil. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the rabbits were anesthetized and sacrificed. Serum troponin I and polymorphonuclear evaluated by .mu.m.sup.2. RESULTS: Significant difference between the negative control group and the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 was found in the serum variables troponin I and polymorphonuclear by .mu.m.sup.2. CONCLUSIONS: Helianthus annuus oil at doses of 20 mg/kg has protective effect on myocardial infarction induced by epinephrine in New Zealand rabbits.

Efecto protector de Helianthus annuus (Girasol) sobre el infarto de miocardio en conejos Nueva Zelanda / Protective effect of Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) on myocardial infarction in New Zealand rabbit

Objetivos. Determinar el efecto protector del aceite de Helianthus annuus (Girasol) sobre el infarto de miocardio inducido con epinefrina en conejos Nueva Zelanda. Materiales y métodos. Los conejos fueron asignados aleatoriamente en cinco grupos (n= 8 por grupo): blanco, control negativo, experimental 1 (10 mg/kg), experimental 2 (20 mg/kg) y experimental 3 (40 mg/kg). Los grupos experimentales 1, 2 y 3 recibieron aceite de Helianthus annuus durante dos semanas. La epinefrina (2 mg/Kg) se administró a los grupos control negativo, experimentales 1, 2 y 3 durante dos días consecutivos con un intervalo de 24 h después del pretratamiento con aceite. Veinticuatro horas después de la última administración, los conejos fueron anestesiados y sacrificados. Se evaluaron los niveles séricos de troponina I y número de polimorfonucleares por um2. Resultados. Se encontró diferencia significativa entre el grupo control negativo y los grupos experimentales 1, 2 y 3 en los variables niveles séricos de troponina I y número de polimorfonucleares por um2 . Conclusiones: El aceite de Helianthus annuus a dosis de 20 mg/kg tiene efecto protector sobre el infarto de miocardio inducido con epinefrina en conejos Nueva Zelanda.

Objectives. Determine the protective effect of oil Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) on myocardial infarction induced by epinephrine in New Zealand rabbits. Materials and methods. The rabbits were randomized into five groups (8 per group): blank, negative control, experimental 1 (10 mg / kg), experimental 2 (20 mg / kg) and three experimental (40 mg/ kg). Experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 received Helianthus annuus oil for two weeks. Epinephrine (2 mg/Kg) to the negative, Experimental Control 1, 2 and 3 groups was given over two consecutive days with an interval of 24 h after pretreatment with oil. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the rabbits were anesthetized and sacrificed. Serum troponin I and polymorphonuclear evaluated by .mu.m.sup.2. Results. Significant difference between the negative control group and the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 was found in the serum variables troponin I and polymorphonuclear by .mu.m.sup.2. Conclusions. Helianthus annuus oil at doses of 20 mg/kg has protective effect on myocardial infarction induced by epinephrine in New Zealand rabbits.

Transport pathways and enhancement mechanisms within localized and non-localized transport regions in skin treated with low-frequency sonophoresis and sodium lauryl sulfate.

Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exist. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted to identify intrinsic properties and formation mechanisms of LTRs and the surrounding less-perturbed non-LTRs. By independently analyzing LTR, non-LTR, and total skin samples treated at multiple LFS frequencies, we found that the pore radii (r(pore)) within non-LTRs are frequency-independent, ranging from 18.2 to 18.5 Å, but significantly larger than r(pore) of native skin samples (13.6 Å). Conversely, r(pore) within LTRs increase significantly with decreasing frequency from 161 to 276 Å and to ∞ (>300 Å) for LFS/SLS-treated skin at 60, 40, and 20 kHz, respectively. Our findings suggest that different mechanisms contribute to skin permeability enhancement within each skin region. We propose that the enhancement mechanism within LTRs is the frequency-dependent process of cavitation-induced microjet collapse at the skin surface, whereas the increased r(pore) values in non-LTRs are likely due to SLS perturbation, with enhanced penetration of SLS into the skin resulting from the frequency-independent process of microstreaming.

Proteína C reactiva en el pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca / Creative protein in the prognosis of heart failure

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un complejo síndrome clínico en el que están implicados múltiples factores; entre ellos los neurohormonales los cuales generan radicales libres de oxígeno (RO-) y producen activación de mediadores inflamatorios, como la proteína C Reactiva (PCR). A pesar de los importantes avances en las estrategias de tratamiento, el pronóstico de la IC es sombrío y díficil de predecir. Distintos biomarcadores (hormonas, marcadores de injuria tisular, marcadores inflamatorios, citocinas y antígenos) han demostrado su función como indicadores independientes del pronóstico, tanto a corto como a largo plazo en pacientes con IC; pero existen pocos estudios sobre la utilidad de la PCR en la estratificación del pronóstico de IC. Objetivo. Determinar el estado pro-inflamatorio de nuestros pacientes con IC, midiendo el perfil sérico de PCR y evaluando el posible valor pronóstico de este marcador para mortalidad y días de hospitalización; además estudiar la correlación entre valores de PCR y la clase funcional New York Heart Association (NYHA). Método. Se estudiaron prospectivamente 180 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente a nuestro Servicio con el diagnóstico de IC, durante el período de 1 año. Se realizó el dosaje de PCR al ingreso y se compararon los valores encontrados entre los pacientes que fallecieron y los que sobrevivieron, con los días de hospitalización y entre diferentes clases funcionales de NHYA. Resultados. Encontramos diferencias con significación estadística en PCR vs. mortalidad, en PCR vs. estancia hospitalaria y solo entre clase funcional I-II vs. clase funcional III-IV. Conclusión. Anque los resultados obtenidos nos pueden ayudar a tomar algunas decisiones, el nivel de evidencia sobre este punto resulta insuficiente para incorporarlos a la práctica asistencial en forma sistemática, por lo que la información actual debe ser validada en futuros estudios prospectivos.

Estudio descriptivo de las principales características sociales, demográficas, políticas y de formación de un grupo de promotores de salud de Villa El Salvador (VES) / Descriptive study of the main social, demographic, political and formative characteristics of a group of health promotors in Villa El Salvador

Reseña suscintamente la evolución histórica de Villa El Salvador y los elementos más importantes del contexto político, económico y social. Analiza la capacitación de los promotores de salud que se ha realizado en diferentes momentos en la historia de Villa El Salvador. Señala que en dicha comunidad se organizaron Comités de Salud que coordinaban la atención de los casos de urgencia y el apoyo económico a aquellos que lo requerían por enfermedad o muerte

Estudio descriptivo de las principales características sociales, demográficas, políticas y de formación de un grupo de promotores de salud de Villa El Salvador (VES) / Descriptive study of the main social, demographic, political and formative characteristics of a group of health promotors in Villa El Salvador

Reseña suscintamente la evolución histórica de Villa El Salvador y los elementos más importantes del contexto político, económico y social. Analiza la capacitación de los promotores de salud que se ha realizado en diferentes momentos en la historia de Villa El Salvador. Señala que en dicha comunidad se organizaron Comités de Salud que coordinaban la atención de los casos de urgencia y el apoyo económico a aquellos que lo requerían por enfermedad o muerte