El artículo científico: de la recepción del manuscrito a su publicación

El trabajo editorial casi nunca es visible en la cadena de la transmisión del conocimiento; sin embargo, es una tarea ardua, exhaustiva y precisa, en la evaluación, selección, producción y distribución del material científico, además de su difusión y marketing. Es por ello que en los siguientes párrafos se explicará, de manera sencilla, cómo es que el saber científico se construye, difunde y crea un nuevo saber, gracias a las editoriales y sus profesionales. Todo esfuerzo creador en el área de la ciencia debe tener constancia mediante un escrito, por ende, el objetivo del trabajo fue resumir el proceso de la creación del artículo científico desde la recepción del manuscrito hasta su publicación. Para ello se utilizó el método de la revisión narrativa. El artículo científico, como procedimiento individual o gremial para la difusión del desarrollo e innovación, ha sido el más empleado para mostrar el conocimiento novedoso, conservar el más antiguo y lograr que la información llegue a sus destinatarios, los cuales no necesariamente son generadores del saber humano, pero sí difusores. La descripción, evaluación y divulgación de la ciencia (socialización de la ciencia) ha sido un aspecto esencial en el desarrollo tecno-científico, que cuenta con medios certificados (revistas científicas) para acreditar y validar el conocimiento que se ha generado, o está en proceso, en un campo determinado, período de tiempo y región específicos.

Editorial work is almost never visible in the knowledge transmission chain; however, it is an arduous, exhaustive and precise task, in evaluating, selecting, producing and distributing scientific material, as well as its dissemination and marketing. That is why the following paragraphs will explain, in a simple way, how scientific knowledge is built, disseminated and creates new knowledge, thanks to publishers and their professionals. Every creative effort in the area of science must be recorded in writing, therefore, the objective of the work was to summarize the process of creating the scientific article since the reception of the manuscript to its publication; to this end, the narrative review method was used. The scientific article, as an separate or union procedure for the dissemination of development and innovation, has been the most used to show new knowledge, to preserve the first and to ensure that the information reaches its recipients, who are not necessarily generators of human knowledge, but diffusers. The description, evaluation and dissemination of science (socialization of science) has been an essential aspect in the techno-scientific development, which has certified means (scientific journals) to accredit and validate the knowledge that has been generated, or it is in progress, in a certain field, a given period and a specific region.

Avocado oil alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by improving mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and inflammation in rats fed a high fat-High fructose diet.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, and in advanced stages, by inflammation and fibrosis. Excessive ROS production due to mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to NAFLD development, making the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production an emerging target to alleviate NAFLD. Previously, we have shown that avocado oil, a source of several bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects, decreases oxidative stress by improving the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and decreasing ROS levels in mitochondria of diabetic and hypertensive rats. Therefore, we tested in this work whether avocado oil alleviates NAFLD by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation. NAFLD was induced in rats by a high fat-high fructose (HF) diet administered for six (HF6) or twelve (HF12) weeks. Hepatic steatosis, hypertrophy and inflammation were detected in both the HF6 and HF12 groups. Hyperglycemia was observed only in the HF12 group. The HF6 and HF12 groups displayed dyslipidemia, impairments in mitochondrial respiration, complex III activity, and electron transfer in cytochromes in the complex III. This led to an increase in the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation. The substitution of the HF6 diet by standard chow and avocado oil for 6 weeks (HF6+AVO + D), or supplementation of the HF12 diet with avocado oil (HF12 + AVO), ameliorated NAFLD, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and counteracted mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress. The substitution of the HF6 diet by standard chow without avocado oil did not correct many of these abnormalities, confirming that the removal of the HF diet is not enough to counteract NAFLD and mitochondrial dysfunction. In summary, avocado oil decreases NAFLD by improving mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Avocado oil induces long-term alleviation of oxidative damage in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic rats by improving glutathione status.

Hyperglycemia and mitochondrial ROS overproduction have been identified as key factors involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. This has encouraged the search for strategies decreasing glucose levels and long-term improvement of redox status of glutathione, the main antioxidant counteracting mitochondrial damage. Previously, we have shown that avocado oil improves redox status of glutathione in liver and brain mitochondria from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; however, the long-term effects of avocado oil and its hypoglycemic effect cannot be evaluated because this model displays low survival and insulin depletion. Therefore, we tested during 1 year the effects of avocado oil on glycemia, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and glutathione status in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Diabetic rats exhibited glycemia of 120-186 mg/dL the first 9 months with a further increase to 250-300 mg/dL. Avocado oil decreased hyperglycemia at intermediate levels between diabetic and control rats. Diabetic rats displayed augmented lipid peroxidation and depletion of reduced glutathione throughout the study, while increased ROS generation was observed at the 3rd and 12th months along with diminished content of total glutathione at the 6th and 12th months. Avocado oil ameliorated all these defects and augmented the mitochondrial content of oleic acid. The beneficial effects of avocado oil are discussed in terms of the hypoglycemic effect of oleic acid and the probable dependence of glutathione transport on lipid peroxidation and thiol oxidation of mitochondrial carriers.

Even a Chronic Mild Hyperglycemia Affects Membrane Fluidity and Lipoperoxidation in Placental Mitochondria in Wistar Rats.

It is known the deleterious effects of diabetes on embryos, but the effects of diabetes on placenta and its mitochondria are still not well known. In this work we generated a mild hyperglycemia model in female wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in 48 hours-old rats. The sexual maturity onset of the female rats was delayed around 6-7 weeks and at 16 weeks-old they were mated, and sacrificed at day 19th of pregnancy. In placental total tissue and isolated mitochondria, the fatty acids composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, and lipoperoxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Membrane fluidity in mitochondria was measured with the excimer forming probe dipyrenylpropane and mitochondrial function was measured with a Clark-type electrode. The results show that even a chronic mild hyperglycemia increases lipoperoxidation and decreases mitochondrial function in placenta. Simultaneously, placental fatty acids metabolism in total tissue is modified but in a different way than in placental mitochondria. Whereas the chronic mild hyperglycemia induced a decrease in unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (U/S) in placental total tissue, the ratio increased in placental mitochondria. The measurements of membrane fluidity showed that fluidity of placenta mitochondrial membranes increased with hyperglycemia, showing consistency with the fatty acids composition through the U/S index. The thermotropic characteristics of mitochondrial membranes were changed, showing lower transition temperature and activation energies. All of these data together demonstrate that even a chronic mild hyperglycemia during pregnancy of early reproductive Wistar rats, generates an increment of lipoperoxidation, an increase of placental mitochondrial membrane fluidity apparently derived from changes in fatty acids composition and consequently, mitochondrial malfunction.

Interrelación del hierro, selenio y zinc en sangre y pelo de caballos con el tiempo de recuperación cardiaca después del ejercicio / Interelation between selenium, iron and zinc contents in blood and hair of horses to heart recuperation time after physical excercise

La interrelación del número de latidos cardiacos del animal con el contenido sanguíneo de Se, Fe y Zn permitirá a través de la medición de estos últimos predecir la capacidad cardiaca de trabajo que son los objetivos de la presente investigación. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en diez caballos criollos de 450 kg de peso y 11 años de edad. Los resultados promedio de análisis fueron: 73 ng de Se/ml, 52.3 µg de Fe/ml y 3.5 µg de Zn/ml de sangre y 440 ng de Se/g, 3.8 µg de Fe/g y 9.3 µg de Zn/g de pelo. El promedio de la frecuencia cardiaca fue de 37 latidos por minuto. El tiempo promedio de recuperación de las constantes fisiológicas a sus valores básales después del ejercicio fue de 37 minutos. Se encontró que los caballos que presentan concentraciones de 115 ng/ml de Se y 62 µg de Fe/ml, de sangre tienen una más pronta recuperación (20 min) de las constantes cardiacas después del ejercicio, pero el Zn no tuvo un índice de correlación significativa. Cuando los caballos tuvieron 60 ng de Se y 49 µg de Fe/ml de sangre, el tiempo de recuperación fue a los 40 min. El índice de correlación entre el contenido de Se y Fe sanguíneo y el tiempo de reucperación fue de -0.84 y de -0.71, respectivamente, lo que indica que cuando más altos sean los niveles de estos elementos el tiempo de recuperación será más corto. Las correlaciones del contenido de los elementos en el pelo con el tiempo de recuperación cardiaca no fueron significativas. De acuerdo a estos resultados, el Se y Fe sanguíneo se pueden usar como parámetros para conocer la capacidad de recuperación después del ejercicio